Jankowski Konrad S, Zajenkowski Marcin, Stolarski Maciej
Department of Psychometrics and Psychological Diagnosis, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL.
Psychol Belg. 2020 Jun 25;60(1):164-183. doi: 10.5334/pb.487.
Balanced time perspective (BTP) describes a tendency to focus on past, present and future time horizons that fosters well-being and positive life outcomes. Deviation from the balanced time perspective is a widespread method to measure the balance, but it makes assumptions regarding levels of time perspectives constituting BTP. In the present research we aimed to test the assumptions regarding levels of time perspectives constituting BTP by testing associations between time perspectives and domains of well-being in four independent samples ( = 1150). The results showed that higher well-being was fostered by greater past positive (PP) and future (F) and lower past negative (PN) and present fatalistic (PF) time perspectives in a linear manner. As for the present hedonistic (PH) perspective, the results were inconsistent indicating that this time orientation can be unrelated to well-being or related in an inverse U-shape manner. In the light of our results the optimal values for the deviation from the balanced time perspective, as measured with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, should be revisited and changed into PN 1, PP 5, PF 1, PH 3.4, F 5, with careful consideration whether or not to incorporate PH into the formula for the deviation from the balanced time perspective at all. We also showed that the deviation from the balanced time perspective using the above values better predicts well-being than the one using previously assumed levels.
平衡时间观（BTP）描述了一种关注过去、现在和未来时间维度的倾向，这种倾向有助于促进幸福感和积极的生活成果。偏离平衡时间观是衡量这种平衡的一种普遍方法，但它对构成BTP的时间观水平做出了假设。在本研究中，我们旨在通过测试四个独立样本（N = 1150）中时间观与幸福感领域之间的关联，来检验关于构成BTP的时间观水平的假设。结果表明，更高的幸福感以线性方式由更高的过去积极（PP）和未来（F）时间观以及更低的过去消极（PN）和现在宿命论（PF）时间观所促进。至于现在享乐主义（PH）时间观，结果并不一致，表明这种时间取向可能与幸福感无关，或者呈倒U形相关。根据我们的结果，应该重新审视并用津巴多时间观量表测量的偏离平衡时间观的最佳值，并将其改为PN 1、PP 5、PF 1、PH 3.4、F 5，同时要仔细考虑是否将PH纳入偏离平衡时间观的公式中。我们还表明，使用上述值偏离平衡时间观比使用先前假设的水平能更好地预测幸福感。
