Khaleel Almusawi Yasir, Azaiez Fatma, Roomi Ali B, Litaiem Ghorbel Hajar
Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, IRQ.
Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, TUN.
Cureus. 2024 Oct 21;16(10):e72038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.72038. eCollection 2024 Oct.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic illness that arises as a result of a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. The precise mechanisms elucidating the association between smoking and the onset of DM remain incompletely understood, despite the proposal of several ideas. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of blood glucose levels, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, insulin hormone levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels in diabetic patients who smoked and those who did not.
The study included a total of 320 volunteers divided into four groups, with each group consisting of 80 volunteers. The first group served as the control group and consisted of healthy individuals. The remaining three groups consisted of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, categorized based on their smoking habits. The second group comprised T2DM patients who did not smoke, the third group consisted of T2DM patients who smoked cigarettes, and the fourth group included T2DM patients who smoked e-cigarettes. At recruitment, data on age, fat %, waist circumference (cm), and body mass index (kg/m) was collected. Biochemical markers measured were fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels.
The findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase (P<0.001) in the levels of each parameter, particularly among patients with T2DM who engaged in e-cigarette smoking, compared to the control group. It was found that engaging in dual smoking, which involves the use of both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, was associated with a higher likelihood of elevated HbA1c levels and other negative health effects.
When it comes to the management of diabetic patients, abstaining from smoking and participating in smoking cessation programs, for patients who smoke, should be the essential approaches. It was found that dual smoking led to a higher likelihood of elevated HbA1c levels and this association was most pronounced among male individuals, those who were physically inactive, and those classified as obese. Further studies should be conducted on the detrimental health consequences associated with e-cigarettes, with a particular focus on enhancing the awareness of healthcare professionals and their patients of the potential risks. This is particularly significant due to the prevailing perception that e-cigarettes are inherently "safe".
糖尿病（DM）是一种常见的代谢性疾病，由遗传易感性、环境影响和生活方式选择之间的复杂相互作用引起。尽管提出了几种观点，但阐明吸烟与糖尿病发病之间关联的精确机制仍未完全了解。本研究的目的是对吸烟和不吸烟的糖尿病患者的血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平、胰岛素激素水平以及胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估（HOMA-IR）水平进行比较分析。
该研究共纳入320名志愿者，分为四组，每组80名志愿者。第一组为对照组，由健康个体组成。其余三组为2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者，根据吸烟习惯分类。第二组包括不吸烟的T2DM患者，第三组由吸烟的T2DM患者组成，第四组包括吸电子烟的T2DM患者。招募时，收集了年龄、脂肪百分比、腰围（厘米）和体重指数（千克/米）的数据。测量的生化指标有空腹血糖（FBG）、HbA1c、胰岛素和HOMA-IR水平。
研究结果表明，与对照组相比，每个参数的水平均有统计学显著升高（P<0.001），尤其是在吸电子烟的T2DM患者中。研究发现，同时使用传统香烟和电子烟的双重吸烟与HbA1c水平升高及其他负面健康影响的可能性更高有关。
在糖尿病患者的管理方面，戒烟以及让吸烟患者参与戒烟计划应是基本方法。研究发现，双重吸烟导致HbA1c水平升高的可能性更高，这种关联在男性、缺乏身体活动的人和肥胖者中最为明显。应进一步研究与电子烟相关的有害健康后果，特别要注重提高医护人员及其患者对潜在风险的认识。鉴于普遍认为电子烟本质上“安全”，这一点尤为重要。
