Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, South Korea.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2024 Nov 20;90(11):e0140524. doi: 10.1128/aem.01405-24. Epub 2024 Oct 31.
In this study, the effect of sodium hypochlorite (10-200 ppm of Cl) on the inactivation of human norovirus (HuNV) GII.4 and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in groundwater was investigated using propidium monoazide (PMA)/reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Initially, 4.00 log genome copies/μL of HuNV GII.4 or 5.50 log genome copies/μL of HAV were artificially inoculated in groundwater. The titers of HuNV GII.4 and HAV decreased significantly ( < 0.05) with increasing Cl concentrations. Groundwater was treated with 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm of Cl, and the viable HuNV GII.4 was significantly ( < 0.05) reduced to 3.28 (0.21-log reduction), 3.18 (0.31-log reduction), 3.01 (0.48 log reduction), 2.75 (0.74 log reduction), 2.54 (0.95 log reduction), and 2.34 (1.15 log reduction) log genome copies/μL, respectively. The viable HAV was also significantly ( < 0.05) reduced to 4.99 (0.23 log reduction), 4.76 (0.46 log reduction), 4.55 (0.67 log reduction), 4.21 (1.01-log reduction), 3.89 (1.33 log reduction), and 3.64 (1.58 log reduction) log genome copies/μL, respectively. The decimal reduction times ( values) (1-log genome reduction) of HuNV GII.4 and HAV infectivity in groundwater were predicted as 116.7 and 98.9 ppm of Cl, respectively, using the first-order kinetics model (HuNV GII.4: = -0.0054 + 3.3585, correlation coefficient () = 0.97; HAV: = -0.0091 + 5.0470, = 0.97). The result specifically suggests that 150- to 200-ppm Cl can potentially be used for the inactivation of >1-log genome copy/μL HuNV GII.4 and HAV in groundwater.IMPORTANCEGroundwater represents a vital component of the global water supply, serving as a crucial source of potable water for humans. It serves as a source of potable water for up to 50% of the global population and accounts for 43% of all water used for irrigation. It thus follows that the sustainable management of groundwater represents a pivotal solution. However, the regrowth of pathogens in water that is not treated with chlorine or where proper residual chlorine is not maintained represents a risk to public health.
在这项研究中，使用吖啶橙（PMA）/逆转录实时定量 PCR（RT-qPCR）研究了次氯酸钠（10-200ppm 的 Cl）对地下水中人诺如病毒（HuNV）GII.4 和甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）的灭活作用。最初，将 4.00 log 基因组拷贝/μL 的 HuNV GII.4 或 5.50 log 基因组拷贝/μL 的 HAV 人工接种到地下水中。随着 Cl 浓度的增加，HuNV GII.4 和 HAV 的滴度显著降低（<0.05）。用 10、30、50、100、150 和 200ppm 的 Cl 处理地下水，活的 HuNV GII.4 分别显著减少（<0.05）至 3.28（0.21-log 减少）、3.18（0.31-log 减少）、3.01（0.48-log 减少）、2.75（0.74-log 减少）、2.54（0.95-log 减少）和 2.34（1.15-log 减少）基因组拷贝/μL。活的 HAV 也显著减少（<0.05）至 4.99（0.23-log 减少）、4.76（0.46-log 减少）、4.55（0.67-log 减少）、4.21（1.01-log 减少）、3.89（1.33-log 减少）和 3.64（1.58-log 减少）基因组拷贝/μL。使用一级动力学模型（HuNV GII.4：= -0.0054 + 3.3585，相关系数（）= 0.97；HAV：= -0.0091 + 5.0470，= 0.97）预测 HuNV GII.4 和 HAV 感染性在地下水中的十进制减少时间（1-log 基因组减少）分别为 116.7 和 98.9ppm 的 Cl。结果表明，在地下水处理中，150-200ppm 的 Cl 可用于灭活 >1-log 基因组拷贝/μL 的 HuNV GII.4 和 HAV。
重要性
地下水是全球水资源的重要组成部分，是人类饮用水的重要来源。它为全球多达 50%的人口提供饮用水，占所有灌溉用水的 43%。因此，可持续管理地下水是一个关键的解决方案。然而，在未用氯处理或未保持适当余氯的水中，病原体的再生会对公众健康构成威胁。
