Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Dec 10;955:177279. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177279. Epub 2024 Oct 31.
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for high-quality sunscreens that combine high efficacy with ecological characteristics. This trend has led to an increased use of triazine compounds, which represent an emerging class of UV filters. While it is well-established that sunscreens can have significant environmental impacts, there is limited data on the degradation of triazine UV filters, despite available information on their environmental persistence, particularly in relation to disinfection processes. This study investigates the chemical fate of ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) under chlorination conditions, typical of swimming pools. Twelve disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were isolated and fully identified using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, with three of these byproducts being identified for the first time. DBP1-DBP12 were isolated at relative percentages of 1.26, 9.68, 1.05, 0.42, 0.84, 3.37, 3.58, 1.89, 0.84, 1.47, 0.42, and 0.63. Additionally, a mechanism for their formation was proposed. The ecotoxicological assessment of EHT and of byproducts (DBP1-DBP4) was conducted using acute, sub-chronic or chronic toxicity tests in producers and primary consumers of the freshwater trophic chain. The organisms included the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, the crustacean anostracan Thamnocephalus platyurus and the benthic ostracod Heterocypris incongruens. EHT caused a lethal median concentration in rotifers, with values in the range of tens of mg/L. EHT, DBP1, and DBP4 exhibited sub-chronic effects in ostracods at concentrations in the μg/L range, with EC50s of 210, 9, 20 μg/L, respectively. Rotifers were slightly affected by DBP3 with a chronic EC50 of 200 μg/L. Algae were not affected by either EHT or byproducts.
近年来，人们对兼具高效性和生态特征的高品质防晒霜的需求日益增长。这一趋势导致了三嗪类化合物的使用增加，此类化合物代表了一类新兴的紫外线滤光剂。虽然防晒霜对环境有重大影响已得到充分证实，但关于三嗪类紫外线滤光剂的降解情况的数据有限，尽管已有关于其环境持久性的信息，特别是与消毒过程相关的持久性。本研究调查了乙基己基三嗪（EHT）在典型游泳池氯化条件下的化学归宿。使用核磁共振和质谱法分离并完全鉴定了 12 种消毒副产物（DBP），其中有 3 种副产物是首次被鉴定出来。DBP1-DBP12 的相对比例分别为 1.26%、9.68%、1.05%、0.42%、0.84%、3.37%、3.58%、1.89%、0.84%、1.47%、0.42%和 0.63%。此外，还提出了它们形成的机制。采用淡水营养链生产者和初级消费者的急性、亚慢性或慢性毒性试验对 EHT 和副产物（DBP1-DBP4）进行了生态毒理学评估。受试生物包括藻类莱茵衣藻、轮虫褶皱臂尾轮虫、甲壳类丰年虫和底栖介形类异尾轮虫。EHT 对轮虫的致死中浓度为数十毫克/升。EHT、DBP1 和 DBP4 在介形类动物中表现出亚慢性影响，浓度范围为微克/升，EC50 值分别为 210、9 和 20 微克/升。DBP3 对轮虫有轻微影响，慢性 EC50 值为 200 微克/升。藻类不受 EHT 或副产物的影响。
