Evaluating neonatal pain via fusing vision transformer and concept-cognitive computing.

In clinical nursing, neonatal pain assessment is a challenging task for preventing and controlling the impact of pain on neonatal development. To reduce the adverse effects of repetitive painful treatments during hospitalization on newborns, we propose a novel method (namely pain concept-cognitive computing model, PainC3M) for evaluating facial pain in newborns. In the fusion system, we first improve the attention mechanism of vision transformer by revising the node encoding way, considering the spatial structure, edge and centrality of nodes, and then use its corresponding encoder as a feature extractor to comprehensively extract image features. Second, we introduce a concept-cognitive computing model as a classifier to evaluate the level of pain. Finally, we evaluate our PainC3M on various open pain data sets and a real clinical pain data stream, and the experimental results demonstrate that our PainC3M is very effective for dynamic classification and superior to other comparative models. It also provides a good approach for pain assessment of individuals with aphasia (or dementia).