Commentary on "Large-Scale Pancreatic Cancer Detection via Non-Contrast CT and Deep Learning".

Cao et al. introduce PANDA, an AI model designed for the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) using non-contrast CT scans. While the model shows great promise, it faces several challenges. Notably, its training predominantly on East Asian datasets raises concerns about generalizability across diverse populations. Additionally, PANDA's ability to detect rare lesions, such as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), could be improved by integrating other imaging modalities. High specificity is a strength, but it also poses risks of false positives, which may lead to unnecessary procedures and increased healthcare costs. Implementing a tiered diagnostic approach and expanding training data to include a wider demographic are essential steps for enhancing PANDA's clinical utility and ensuring its successful global implementation, ultimately shifting the focus from late diagnosis to proactive early detection.