Hydrogels in cardiac tissue engineering: application and challenges.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of global mortality. Current stem cell therapy and heart transplant therapy have limited long-term stability in cardiac function. Cardiac tissue engineering may be one of the key methods for regenerating damaged myocardial tissue. As an ideal scaffold material, hydrogel has become a viable tissue engineering therapy for the heart. Hydrogel can not only provide mechanical support for infarcted myocardium but also serve as a carrier for various drugs, bioactive factors, and cells to increase myocardial contractility and improve the cell microenvironment in the infarcted area, thereby improving cardiac function. This paper reviews the applications of hydrogels and biomedical mechanisms in cardiac tissue engineering and discusses the challenge of clinical transformation of hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, providing new strategies for treating cardiovascular diseases.