A bio-feedback-mimicking electrode combining real-time monitoring and drug delivery.

Effective disease management based on real-time physiological changes presents a significant clinical challenge. A flexible electrode system integrating diagnosis and treatment can overcome the uncertainties associated with treatment progress during localized interventions. In this study, we develop a system featuring a biomimetic feedback regulation mechanism for drug delivery and real-time monitoring. To prevent drug leakage, the system incorporates a magnesium (Mg) valve in the outer layer, ensuring zero leakage when drug release is not required. The middle layer contains a drug-laden poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) sponge (P-sponge), which supplies the water to partially or fully activate the Mg valve under electrical stimulation and initiate drug release. Once the valve is fully opened, the exposed and expanded P-sponge electrode establishes excellent contact with various tissues, facilitating the collection of electrophysiological signals. Encapsulation with polylactic acid film ensures the system's flexibility and bioresorbability, thereby minimizing potential side effects on surrounding tissues. Animal experiments demonstrate the system's capability to mimic feedback modulation mechanisms, enabling real-time monitoring and timely drug administration. This integrated diagnosis and treatment system offers an effective solution for the emergency management of acute diseases in clinical settings.