Feng Tian, Zhang Fuchun, Liu Jinzhao, Liang Manqi, Li Yawei
Department of Sports, Henan Sport University, Zhengzhou, China.
School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Front Psychol. 2024 Oct 29;15:1396441. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1396441. eCollection 2024.
To test spatial ability in athletes with different axial rotation experience and analyze their behavioral data to explain the cognitive mechanisms of spatial ability in athletes.
Experiment 1: A total of 147 athletes were selected for the paper-and-pencil mental rotation test (MRT). The athletes were separated according to three sport types: open high-spatial (OH) sport, closed high-spatial (CH) sport, closed low-spatial (CL) sport. Spatial ability testing with a two-factor mixed experimental design of 3 (sport type) × 2 (stimulus type). Experiment 2: In this study, 47 players were selected for computerized mental rotation test, with a three-factor mixed experimental design of 3 (sport type) × 2 (angle: 45°, 90°) × 3 (rotational axis: left-right axis, up-down axis, and front-back axis). Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to evaluate the data.
(1) The CH group and OH group outperformed the CL group in the non-embodied task (all s < 0.003) and the CH group was better than the other groups in the embodied and tasks (all s < 0.008). (2) Under 45° rotational conditions, the reaction time (RT) for the left-right (LR) and up-down (UD) axes were shorter than that for the front-back (FB) axis (all s < 0.026). However, under 90° conditions, the RT for FB < LR < UD, with superior accuracy and rotational speed for the FB axis than for the LR and UD axes (all s < 0.034). (3) Male players from the CH and CL groups had shorter RTs than did those from the OH group at both angles (all s < 0.047). For female players, the CH group presented a shorter RT than the OH and CL groups did at 90° (all s < 0.006). (4) No sex difference was found for paper and pencil MRTs, but a male advantage existed only in the CL group for computerized MRTs ( = 0.005).
The motor skills associated with axial rotation could promote mental rotation performance and compensate for sex differences in mental rotation ability.
测试具有不同轴向旋转经验的运动员的空间能力，并分析他们的行为数据，以解释运动员空间能力的认知机制。
实验1：共选取147名运动员进行纸笔心理旋转测试（MRT）。根据三种运动类型将运动员分组：开放高空间（OH）运动、封闭高空间（CH）运动、封闭低空间（CL）运动。采用3（运动类型）×2（刺激类型）的两因素混合实验设计进行空间能力测试。实验2：本研究选取47名运动员进行计算机化心理旋转测试，采用3（运动类型）×2（角度：45°、90°）×3（旋转轴：左右轴、上下轴、前后轴）的三因素混合实验设计。对数据进行重复测量方差分析。
（1）在非具身任务中，CH组和OH组的表现优于CL组（所有p<0.003），且在具身任务中CH组比其他组表现更好（所有p<0.008）。（2）在45°旋转条件下，左右（LR）轴和上下（UD）轴的反应时（RT）短于前后（FB）轴（所有p<0.026）。然而，在90°条件下，RT为FB<LR<UD，且FB轴的准确性和旋转速度优于LR轴和UD轴（所有p<0.034）。（3）CH组和CL组的男性运动员在两个角度的RT均短于OH组的男性运动员（所有p<0.047）。对于女性运动员，CH组在90°时的RT短于OH组和CL组（所有p<0.006）。（4）纸笔MRT未发现性别差异，但在计算机化MRT中仅CL组存在男性优势（p=0.005）。
与轴向旋转相关的运动技能可促进心理旋转表现，并弥补心理旋转能力的性别差异。
