Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Plaça Lesseps 1, Barcelona, 08023, Spain.
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Nov 14;24(1):3175. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20540-7.
Evidence has linked poor housing conditions to negative health outcomes. However, in urban contexts characterized by social vulnerability and population-level inequalities, the gender perspective is often overlooked, despite evidence showing that housing conditions impact men and women differently in terms of health. This study aimed to describe the association between housing conditions and the prevalence of COVID-19 among men and women in Barcelona, Spain.
An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2021 Barcelona Health Survey. The study population consisted of non-institutionalized residents over 14 years of age in Barcelona. The survey was administered to a sample of 3,545 participants during the COVID-19 pandemic, between February 2021 and February 2022. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of COVID-19 (aPR), along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were estimated using multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance. The analysis was stratified by gender.
A significant gradient was observed across age groups for both men and women, with higher COVID-19 prevalence in younger categories. The prevalence was notably higher among individuals born in low-income countries, particularly for women (aPR 1.62). We also identified a significant association between housing conditions, vulnerability factors, and COVID-19 prevalence in both men and women. Living with four or more cohabitants was associated with higher prevalence (aPR 1.96 for women and 1.89 for men), as was the presence of dampness in the home (aPR 1.34 for women and 1.27 for men). Additionally, energy poverty was significantly associated with higher COVID-19 prevalence in women (aPR 1.36), but not in men.
This study highlights the association between housing conditions and COVID-19 in Barcelona, with a pronounced impact on young people, women from low-income countries, and women experiencing energy poverty.
有证据表明，住房条件差与健康状况不佳有关。然而，在社会脆弱和人口不平等程度较高的城市背景下，性别视角往往被忽视，尽管有证据表明，住房条件对男性和女性的健康影响不同。本研究旨在描述巴塞罗那男性和女性的住房条件与 COVID-19 患病率之间的关系。
采用 2021 年巴塞罗那健康调查进行观察性横断面研究。研究人群为巴塞罗那 14 岁以上的非机构居民。在 COVID-19 大流行期间，于 2021 年 2 月至 2022 年 2 月，对 3545 名参与者进行了调查。使用具有稳健方差的多变量泊松回归模型，估计 COVID-19 的粗患病率比（cPR）和调整后患病率比（aPR）以及 95%置信区间（95%CI）。分析按性别分层。
男女两组均观察到年龄组间存在显著梯度，年轻组 COVID-19 患病率较高。在出生于低收入国家的个体中，COVID-19 患病率明显较高，尤其是女性（aPR 1.62）。我们还发现，住房条件、脆弱因素与男女 COVID-19 患病率之间存在显著关联。与四个或更多同居者居住在一起与较高的患病率相关（女性 aPR 为 1.96，男性 aPR 为 1.89），家中潮湿也与较高的患病率相关（女性 aPR 为 1.34，男性 aPR 为 1.27）。此外，能源贫困与女性 COVID-19 患病率显著相关（女性 aPR 为 1.36），但与男性无关。
本研究强调了巴塞罗那住房条件与 COVID-19 之间的关联，对年轻人、来自低收入国家的女性以及经历能源贫困的女性产生了显著影响。
