The role of REM sleep in neural differentiation of memories in the hippocampus.

When faced with a familiar situation, we can use memory to make predictions about what will happen next. If such predictions turn out to be erroneous, the brain can adapt by differentiating the representations of the cues that generated the prediction from the mispredicted item itself, reducing the likelihood of future prediction errors. Prior work by Kim et al. (2017) found that violating a sequential association in a statistical learning paradigm triggered differentiation of the neural representations of the associated items in the hippocampus. Here, we used fMRI to test the preregistered hypothesis that this hippocampal differentiation occurs only when violations are followed by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In the morning, participants first learned that some items predict others (e.g., A predicts B) then encountered a violation in which a predicted item (B) failed to appear when expected after its associated item (A); the predicted item later appeared on its own after an unrelated item. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three conditions: remain awake, take a nap containing non-REM sleep only, or take a nap with both non-REM and REM sleep. While the predicted results were not observed in the preregistered left CA2/3/DG ROI, we did observe evidence for our hypothesis in closely related hippocampal ROIs, uncorrected for multiple comparisons: In right CA2/3/DG, differentiation in the group with REM sleep was greater than in the groups without REM sleep (wake and non-REM nap); this differentiation was item-specific and concentrated in right DG. Differentiation effects were also greater in bilateral DG when the predicted item was more strongly reactivated during the violation. Overall, the results presented here provide initial evidence linking REM sleep to changes in the hippocampal representations of memories in humans.