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社区代表与治安管理:对黑人平民的影响

Community representation and policing: Effects on Black civilians.

作者信息

Risi Joseph, Graif Corina

机构信息

Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

出版信息

Criminology. 2024 Aug;62(3):454-502. doi: 10.1111/1745-9125.12376. Epub 2024 Sep 7.


DOI:10.1111/1745-9125.12376
PMID:39555420
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563028/
Abstract

Does increased representation of Black individuals in the police force lead to less aggressive policing of Black individuals? The current study uses a Chicago panel data set with monthly police unit observations between 2013 and 2015 to understand 1) how police units' representation of Black individuals affects the number of stops of Black residents and 2) how individual police officers patrol differently depending on the racial/ethnic background of co-working officers. Using fixed-effects negative binomial regression, we found that increasing racial congruence between police officers and the community being patrolled was associated over time with fewer stops of Black residents. Individual analyses showed that Black (vs. White) officers stopped fewer Black civilians, with larger effects in police units with higher percentages of Black officers, indicating a unit group effect. Furthermore, as the number of Black officer co-workers in a shift increased, Black civilian stops declined for all officers, including White officers, which is consistent with active representation. These findings indicate that a more diverse and representative police force can reduce aggressive policing of minority communities by mitigating group threat and cultivating positive cross-racial exchanges within police organizations and smaller peer groups.

摘要

警察队伍中黑人比例的增加是否会导致对黑人的执法力度降低?当前的研究使用了一个芝加哥面板数据集,该数据集包含2013年至2015年间每月的警察单位观察数据,以了解:1)警察单位中黑人的比例如何影响对黑人居民的拦截次数;2)个别警察如何根据共事警察的种族/族裔背景进行不同的巡逻。使用固定效应负二项回归,我们发现随着时间的推移,警察与被巡逻社区之间种族一致性的提高与对黑人居民拦截次数的减少有关。个体分析表明,黑人(与白人相比)警察拦截的黑人平民较少,在黑人警察比例较高的警察单位中影响更大,这表明存在单位群体效应。此外,随着一个班次中黑人同事警察数量的增加,包括白人警察在内的所有警察对黑人平民的拦截次数都有所下降,这与积极的代表性一致。这些发现表明,一支更加多样化和具有代表性的警察队伍可以通过减轻群体威胁以及在警察组织和较小的同伴群体中培养积极的跨种族交流,来减少对少数族裔社区的激进执法。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/f2a0cc7a6f3a/nihms-2024811-f0002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/0bfbb704077d/nihms-2024811-f0003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/ae6aa45c8a1b/nihms-2024811-f0004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/408494eac2c2/nihms-2024811-f0005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/4bb3898dec74/nihms-2024811-f0001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/f2a0cc7a6f3a/nihms-2024811-f0002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/0bfbb704077d/nihms-2024811-f0003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/ae6aa45c8a1b/nihms-2024811-f0004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/408494eac2c2/nihms-2024811-f0005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/4bb3898dec74/nihms-2024811-f0001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1b96/11563028/f2a0cc7a6f3a/nihms-2024811-f0002.jpg

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本文引用的文献

[1]
"Whose help is on the way?": The importance of individual police officers in law enforcement outcomes.

J Hum Resour. 2024-7

[2]
Police Force Size and Civilian Race.

Am Econ Rev Insights. 2022-6

[3]
Beliefs about minority representation in policing and support for diversification.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022-12-27

[4]
Impact of Extralegal and Community Factors on Police Officers' Decision to Book Arrests for Minor Offenses.

Am J Crim Justice. 2023

[5]
Differentiating Black and Hispanic: outcome differences of segregated communities and police shootings in the USA, 2015-2020.

Inj Epidemiol. 2022-3-3

[6]
Diversity or representation? Sufficient factors for Black Americans' identity safety during interracial interactions.

Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2022-1

[7]
The role of officer race and gender in police-civilian interactions in Chicago.

Science. 2021-2-12

[8]
Beyond the double-edged sword of cultural diversity in teams: Progress, critique, and next steps.

J Int Bus Stud. 2021

[9]
Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A retrospective of research on multicultural work groups and an agenda for future research.

J Int Bus Stud. 2021

[10]
The criminogenic and psychological effects of police stops on adolescent black and Latino boys.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019-4-8

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