Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Nov 8;25(22):12013. doi: 10.3390/ijms252212013.
Owing to recent advancements in nanotechnology, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly magnetite (FeO) and maghemite (γ-FeO), are currently widely employed in the field of medicine. These MNPs, characterized by their large specific surface area, potential for diverse functionalization, and magnetic properties, have found application in various medical domains, including tumor imaging (MRI), radiolabelling, internal radiotherapy, hyperthermia, gene therapy, drug delivery, and theranostics. However, ensuring the non-toxicity of MNPs when employed in medical practices is paramount. Thus, ongoing research endeavors are essential to comprehensively understand and address potential toxicological implications associated with their usage. This review aims to present the latest research and findings on assessing the potential toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles. It meticulously delineates the primary mechanisms of MNP toxicity at the cellular level, encompassing oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, disruption of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane perturbation, alterations in the cell cycle, dysregulation of gene expression, inflammatory response, disturbance in ion homeostasis, and interference with cell migration and mobility. Furthermore, the review expounds upon the potential impact of MNPs on various organs and systems, including the brain and nervous system, heart and circulatory system, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, urinary, and reproductive systems.
由于纳米技术的最新进展，磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒（MNPs），特别是磁铁矿（FeO）和磁赤铁矿（γ-FeO），目前在医学领域得到广泛应用。这些 MNPs 具有大的比表面积、多样化的功能化潜力和磁性，已应用于各种医学领域，包括肿瘤成像（MRI）、放射性标记、内部放射治疗、热疗、基因治疗、药物输送和治疗诊断。然而，确保 MNPs 在医学实践中的无毒是至关重要的。因此，持续的研究努力对于全面了解和解决与它们的使用相关的潜在毒理学影响是必要的。本综述旨在介绍评估磁性纳米颗粒潜在毒性的最新研究和发现。它详细描述了 MNP 细胞毒性的主要机制，包括氧化应激、遗传毒性效应、细胞骨架破坏、细胞膜扰动、细胞周期改变、基因表达失调、炎症反应、离子平衡紊乱以及对细胞迁移和运动的干扰。此外，该综述还阐述了 MNPs 对包括大脑和神经系统、心脏和循环系统、肝脏、脾脏、淋巴结、皮肤、泌尿和生殖系统在内的各种器官和系统的潜在影响。
