Integrated engineering of enzymes and microorganisms for improving the efficiency of industrial lignocellulose deconstruction.

Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals represents a new manufacturing paradigm that can help address society's energy, resource, and environmental problems. However, the low efficiency and high cost of lignocellulolytic enzymes currently used hinder their use in the industrial deconstruction of lignocellulose. To overcome these challenges, research efforts have focused on engineering the properties, synergy, and production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. First, lignocellulolytic enzymes' catalytic efficiency, stability, and tolerance to inhibitory compounds have been improved through enzyme mining and engineering. Second, synergistic actions between different enzyme components have been strengthened to construct customized enzyme cocktails for the degradation of specific lignocellulosic substrates. Third, biological processes for protein synthesis and cell morphogenesis in microorganisms have been engineered to achieve a high level and low-cost production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. In this review, the relevant progresses and challenges in these fields are summarized. Integrated engineering is proposed to be essential to achieve cost-effective enzymatic deconstruction of lignocellulose in the future.