Tang Yan-Dong, Li Yuming, Cai Xue-Hui, Yin Xin
State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Jan;12(3):e2407241. doi: 10.1002/advs.202407241. Epub 2024 Dec 6.
Viral infections continue to pose a significant threat to the health of both humans and animals. Currently, live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) remain the most efficacious and widely utilized tool for combating viral infections. Conventional LAVs involve the adaptation of virulent viruses to novel hosts, cell cultures, or suboptimal environments, resulting in a reduction in pathogenicity while retaining immunogenicity. This process entails directed evolution of the virus to enhance its replication efficiency under these modified conditions. In this review, the development of traditional animal-adapted and cold-adapted LAVs is specially discussed. Additionally, the factors that contribute to virus attenuation from a viral lifecycle perspective are summarized. Finally, we propose future directions for next-generation LAVs.
病毒感染继续对人类和动物的健康构成重大威胁。目前，减毒活疫苗（LAVs）仍然是对抗病毒感染最有效且应用最广泛的工具。传统的减毒活疫苗涉及使强毒病毒适应新宿主、细胞培养物或次优环境，从而在保留免疫原性的同时降低致病性。这个过程需要对病毒进行定向进化，以提高其在这些改变后的条件下的复制效率。在这篇综述中，特别讨论了传统的动物适应型和冷适应型减毒活疫苗的发展。此外，从病毒生命周期的角度总结了导致病毒减毒的因素。最后，我们提出了下一代减毒活疫苗的未来发展方向。
