Testicular tumors in subfertile men: report of 4 cases with implications for management of patients presenting with infertility.

We report on 4 men attending our infertility clinic in whom seminomas developed. A review of testicular biopsies performed for investigation of subfertility in 2 patients revealed in situ and early invasive carcinoma. Infertile men have a prevalence of carcinoma in situ in the range of 1 per 100 to 200, with a high risk of progression to invasive germ cell tumor (50 per cent within 5 years of diagnosis). Biopsy is the only method of detection of the in situ lesion and, therefore, is recommended in the investigation of oligospermic and azoospermic male subjects. The surgical approach to and diagnostic sensitivity of testicular biopsy are reviewed, and the management of carcinoma in situ is discussed.