Daily rhythms drive dynamism in sleep, oscillations and interneuron firing, while excitatory firing remains stable across 24 h.

The adaptation to the daily 24-h light-dark cycle is ubiquitous across animal species and is crucial for maintaining fitness. This free-running cycle occurs innately within multiple bodily systems, such as endogenous circadian rhythms in clock-gene expression and synaptic plasticity. These phenomena are well studied; however, it is unknown if and how the 24-h clock affects electrophysiologic network function in vivo. The hippocampus is a region of interest for long timescale (>8 h) studies because it is critical for cognitive function and exhibits time-of-day effects in learning. We recorded single cell spiking activity and local field potentials (LFPs) in mouse hippocampus across the 24-h (12:12-h light/dark) cycle to quantify how electrophysiological network function is modulated across the 24-h day. We found that while inhibitory population firing rates and LFP oscillations exhibit modulation across the day, average excitatory population firing is static. This excitatory stability, despite inhibitory dynamism, may enable consistent around-the-clock function of neural circuits.