Classical View on Nonclassical Crystal Growth in a Biological Setting.

Crystallization by amorphous particle attachment, a nonclassical crystal growth mode, is prevalent in minerals formed by living tissues. It allows the organism to intervene at every step of crystal growth, i.e., particle formation, stabilization, accretion, and crystallization, and thus to orchestrate biomineral morphogenesis and crystallographic texturing; all toward achieving a required functionality for the organism. Therefore, significant effort is aimed at achieving similar control and crystal growth tunability through bioinspired and biomimetic synthetic means. This Perspective examines the driving forces and the kinetics of crystallization by amorphous particle attachment in a biological setting, and through an analogy to classical molecule-by-molecule crystallization, it establishes distinct crystal growth mechanisms. It underlines the role of physics and chemistry of materials in the "Growth and Form" of biogenic minerals.