Nochalabadi Azadeh, Khazaei Mozafar, Rezakhani Leila
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Tissue Cell. 2025 Apr;93:102676. doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102676. Epub 2024 Dec 12.
Damage to nerves negatively impacts quality of life and causes considerable morbidity. Self-regeneration is a special characteristic of the nervous system, yet how successful regeneration is accomplished remains unclear. Research on nerve regeneration is advancing and accelerating successful nerve recovery with potential new approaches. Eukaryote cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which control intercellular communication in both health and disease. More and more, EVs such as microvesicles and exosomes (EXOs) are being recognized as viable options for cell-free therapies that address complex tissue regeneration. The present study highlights the functional relevance of EVs in regenerative medicine for nerve-related regeneration. A subclass of EVs, EXOs were first identified as a way for cells to expel undesirable cell products. These nanovesicles have a diameter of 30-150 nm and are secreted by a variety of cells in conditions of both health and illness. Their benefits include the ability to promote endothelial cell growth, inhibit inflammation, encourage cell proliferation, and regulate cell differentiation. They are also known to transport functional proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids to recipient cells, thus playing a significant role in cellular communication. EXOs impact an extensive array of physiological functions, including immunological responses, tissue regeneration, stem cell conservation, communication within the central nervous system, and pathological processes involving cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer, and inflammation. Their biocompatibility and bi-layered lipid structure (which shields the genetic consignment from deterioration and reduces immunogenicity) make them appealing as therapeutic vectors. They can pass through the blood brain barrier and other major biological membranes because of their small size and membrane composition. The creation of modified EXOs is a dynamic area of research that supports the evaluation of diverse therapeutic freights, improvement of target selectivity, and manufacturing optimization.
神经损伤会对生活质量产生负面影响，并导致相当高的发病率。自我再生是神经系统的一个特殊特征，但成功的再生是如何实现的仍不清楚。神经再生研究正在推进，并通过潜在的新方法加速神经的成功恢复。真核细胞释放细胞外囊泡（EVs），其在健康和疾病状态下都控制着细胞间通讯。越来越多的微泡和外泌体（EXOs）等细胞外囊泡被认为是解决复杂组织再生的无细胞疗法的可行选择。本研究强调了细胞外囊泡在神经相关再生的再生医学中的功能相关性。细胞外囊泡的一个亚类，即外泌体，最初被确定为细胞排出不良细胞产物的一种方式。这些纳米囊泡直径为30 - 150纳米，在健康和患病状态下均由多种细胞分泌。它们的益处包括促进内皮细胞生长、抑制炎症、促进细胞增殖以及调节细胞分化。它们还已知能将功能性蛋白质、代谢物和核酸运输到受体细胞，从而在细胞通讯中发挥重要作用。外泌体影响广泛的生理功能，包括免疫反应、组织再生、干细胞维持、中枢神经系统内的通讯以及涉及心血管疾病、神经退行性变、癌症和炎症的病理过程。它们的生物相容性和双层脂质结构（可保护遗传物质不降解并降低免疫原性）使其作为治疗载体具有吸引力。由于其小尺寸和膜组成，它们可以穿过血脑屏障和其他主要生物膜。修饰外泌体的创建是一个活跃的研究领域，支持对多种治疗货物的评估、提高靶标选择性以及制造优化。
