Climate change linked to vampire bat expansion and rabies virus spillover.

Bat-borne pathogens are a threat to global health and in recent history have had major impacts on human morbidity and mortality. Examples include diseases such as rabies, Nipah virus encephalitis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Climate change may exacerbate the emergence of bat-borne pathogens by affecting the ecology of bats in tropical ecosystems. Here, we report the impacts of climate change on the distributional ecology of the common vampire bat across the last century. Our retrospective analysis revealed a positive relationship between changes in climate and the northern expansion of the distribution of in North America. Furthermore, we also found a reduction in the standard deviation of temperatures at capture locations during the last century, expressed as more consistent, less-seasonal climate in recent years. These results elucidate an association between range expansion and a continental-level rise in rabies virus spill-over transmission from to cattle in the last 50 years of the 120-year study period. This correlative study, based on field observations, offers empirical evidence supporting previous statistical and mathematical simulation-based studies reporting a likely increase of bat-borne diseases in response to climate change. We conclude that the rabies system exemplifies the consequences of climate change augmentation at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, demonstrating how global change acts upon these complex and interconnected systems to drive increased disease emergence.