Roles and Mechanisms of Ferroptosis in Sorafenib Resistance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent malignant tumor, characterized by a poor prognosis. In recent decades, both the incidence and mortality rates of HCC have risen sharply. Sorafenib has emerged as the first conventional drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for first-line treatment in advanced HCC patients due to its favorable safety profile. However, its effectiveness is severely hindered by acquired drug resistance, which leads to only approximately 30% of HCC patients benefited from sorafenib therapy. Sorafenib resistance involves various mechanisms that inhibit cellular uptake of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, ferroptosis a novel form of cell death contingent upon the accumulation of intracellular iron and ROS plays a critical role in mediating sorafenib resistance through the Hippo YAP pathway or Keap1-Nrf2 system. This review aimed to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms underlying sorafenib resistance in HCC, particularly focusing on ferroptosis and its pathways, to provide valuable insights into targeting ferroptosis or its pathways for sorafenib-resistant HCC treatment.