Climate-driven dengue fever outbreaks in Nepal: Trends, challenges, and strategies.

Dengue fever (DF) has become a major public health concern in Nepal, with increasing outbreaks in recent years. Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, this climate-sensitive viral disease presents a significant challenge for healthcare providers and policymakers. Since 2004, Nepal has experienced a sharp increase in DF cases, peaking in 2022 with 54784 cases and 88 deaths. The surge, driven mainly by serotypes 1, 2, and 3, is exacerbated by climate change, which prolongs mosquito breeding seasons due to warmer temperatures and increased rainfall. This trend has even impacted previously unaffected hilly regions. Effective dengue control strategies must focus on climate change adaptation, strengthening healthcare system reinforcement, raising public awareness, and enhancing vector control measures. Government initiatives, like the national dengue control program, play a critical role, but research and community engagement are also vital for prevention and early detection. Integrating climate resilience into public health efforts is essential to reducing the dengue burden in Nepal.