Lopes Maria V, Ihle Andreas, Gouveia Élvio Rúbio, Marques Adilson, França Cíntia
Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland.
Sports (Basel). 2024 Dec 18;12(12):350. doi: 10.3390/sports12120350.
Parental involvement in youth sports is increasingly relevant in scientific research since parents have gradually developed awareness regarding youngsters' sports experiences. This study aimed to (1) examine potential differences in athletes' and parents' perceptions of parental involvement practices in youth basketball, (2) verify whether these perceptions differ by sex, and (3) analyze the relationship between the different perceptions dimensions recorded. The analysis included a large sample of 423 Portuguese participants (151 youth basketball athletes and 272 parents) who completed the Parental Behaviors in Sports (PBSP) questionnaire. The PBSP comprises a version for parents and a version for athletes, composed of five dimensions: (1) sports support, (2) competition attendance, (3) technical influence, (4) performance pressure, and (5) sports expectations. No significant statistical differences regarding PBSP dimensions were observed between boys and girls in the athletes' group. However, in the parents' group, fathers scored significantly lower than mothers in sports expectations ( = 0.001). Differences between athletes' and parents' perceptions were evident in competition attendance ( = 0.023), technical influence ( ≤ 0.001), and sports expectations ( = 0.023). When analyzing the dyads of boys-fathers and girls-mothers, significant differences were found for technical influence ( = 0.035), performance pressure ( = 0.020), and sports expectations ( < 0.001) between boys and fathers. Among girls and mothers, differences were perceived exclusively for technical influence ( = 0.005). Finally, technical influence correlated significantly with performance pressure (r = 0.351, < 0.001) and sports expectations (r = 0.367, < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the crucial importance for sports researchers and practitioners to consider differences in perceptions based on sex and role (athlete or parent) when designing and implementing parental educational programs.
由于父母对青少年体育经历的意识逐渐增强，父母参与青少年体育活动在科学研究中越来越受到关注。本研究旨在：（1）考察青少年篮球运动员和父母对父母参与行为的认知存在哪些潜在差异；（2）验证这些认知是否因性别而异；（3）分析所记录的不同认知维度之间的关系。该分析纳入了423名葡萄牙参与者的大样本（151名青少年篮球运动员和272名父母），他们完成了《体育中的父母行为》（PBSP）问卷。PBSP包括一个家长版和一个运动员版，由五个维度组成：（1）体育支持；（2）比赛出席；（3）技术影响；（4）成绩压力；（5）体育期望。在运动员组中，男孩和女孩在PBSP维度上未观察到显著的统计学差异。然而，在家长组中，父亲在体育期望方面的得分显著低于母亲（p = 0.001）。运动员和父母在比赛出席（p = 0.023）、技术影响（p≤0.001）和体育期望（p = 0.023）方面的认知差异明显。在分析男孩与父亲以及女孩与母亲的二元组时，发现男孩与父亲在技术影响（p = 0.035）、成绩压力（p = 0.020）和体育期望（p<0.001）方面存在显著差异。在女孩与母亲之间，仅在技术影响方面存在差异（p = 0.005）。最后，技术影响与成绩压力（r = 0.351，p<0.001）和体育期望（r = 0.367，p<0.001）显著相关。这些发现表明，对于体育研究人员和从业者而言，在设计和实施家长教育项目时，考虑基于性别和角色（运动员或家长）的认知差异至关重要。
