Biosurfactants: A review of different strategies for economical production, their applications and recent advancements.

Biosurfactants are biodegradable, non-toxic, and environmentally beneficial substances that are produced by microorganisms. Due to their chemical characteristics and stability in various environmental circumstances, biosurfactants are low-molecular-weight, surface-active molecules of great industrial importance. The choice of the producer microbe, kind of substrate, and purification technique determine the chemistry of a biosurfactant and its production cost. Biosurfactants' amphiphilic nature has proven to be quite advantageous, allowing them to disperse onto two immiscible surfaces while lowering the interfacial surface tension and boosting the solubility of hydrophobic substances. Microbial surfactants are replacing their chemical counterparts in research and usage because of their low or non-toxic nature, durability at higher temperatures, capacity to endure wide range of pH variations and degrade naturally. Biosurfactants are often used as anti-adhesives, emulsifying/de-emulsifying agents, spreading agents, foaming agents, and detergents that have significance in a range of industries such as agriculture, biomedical, bioremediation, the manufacturing industry, and cosmetic. Recent advancements in biosurfactant production have enhanced its usefulness and research interest in a circular economy framework. These advancements include the use of alternative substrates, including various forms of organic waste and solid-state fermentation. Here, we attempted a comprehensive review of biosurfactants, their usage, latest research, limitations, and future aspects.