Saak Tiana M, Tervo Jeremy P, Vilarello Brandon J, Jacobson Patricia T, Caruana Francesco F, Spence Matthew D A, Gallagher Liam W, Gudis David A, Motter Jeffrey N, Devanand Davangere P, Overdevest Jonathan B
Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
Brain Sci. 2024 Dec 19;14(12):1277. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14121277.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is associated with a variety of neurologic deficits and impacts socialization decisions, mood, and overall quality of life. As a common symptom comprising the long COVID condition, persistent COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction (C19OD) may further impact the presentations of neuropsychiatric sequelae. Our study aims to characterize the longitudinal burden of depression, anxiety, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in a population with C19OD.
Individuals with perceived C19OD completed a psychophysical screening evaluation of their sense of smell using the comprehensive Sniffin' Sticks olfactory assessment. Only those with validated psychophysical OD were included in this prospective longitudinal study for baseline and one-year follow-up. Participants also completed PHQ-9, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and neuropsychiatric symptom questionnaires at each time point. Anxiety, depression, and neuropsychiatric symptom prevalence was calculated and compared between time points with Pearson's chi-squared, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests.
Each neuropsychiatric symptom evaluated in this study was reported by 13-49% of longitudinal cohort participants at both baseline and follow-up, except for seizure (0% at baseline and follow-up) and word-finding difficulty (61-68% at baseline and follow-up). Word-finding and focus difficulties were the most commonly reported symptoms. In total, 41% of participants reported some level of depression at baseline and 38% of participants reported depression at one-year follow-up, while 29% and 27% of participants reported some level of anxiety at respective time points.
Individuals with C19OD are at risk for developing persistent neuropsychiatric conditions. These neurologic and psychiatric sequelae are persistent with repeated longitudinal assessment, even at nearly 2.5 years following initial COVID-19 diagnosis.
背景/目的：嗅觉功能障碍（OD）与多种神经功能缺陷相关，并影响社交决策、情绪和整体生活质量。作为长期新冠症状的一个常见症状，持续性新冠病毒相关嗅觉功能障碍（C19OD）可能会进一步影响神经精神后遗症的表现。我们的研究旨在描述C19OD人群中抑郁、焦虑和神经精神症状的纵向负担。
自我感觉有C19OD的个体使用全面的嗅棒嗅觉评估对其嗅觉进行心理物理学筛查评估。只有那些经心理物理学验证为OD的个体才被纳入这项前瞻性纵向研究，进行基线和一年随访。参与者在每个时间点还完成了PHQ-9、贝克焦虑量表（BAI）和神经精神症状问卷。计算焦虑、抑郁和神经精神症状的患病率，并使用Pearson卡方检验、Fisher精确检验和Wilcoxon秩和检验在不同时间点之间进行比较。
本研究评估的每种神经精神症状在基线和随访时，纵向队列参与者的报告率为13%-49%，癫痫（基线和随访时均为0%）和找词困难（基线和随访时为61%-68%）除外。找词困难和注意力不集中是最常报告的症状。总体而言，41%的参与者在基线时报告有一定程度的抑郁，38%的参与者在一年随访时报告有抑郁，而29%和27%的参与者在各自时间点报告有一定程度的焦虑。
C19OD个体有发生持续性神经精神疾病的风险。即使在首次新冠病毒诊断近2.5年后进行重复纵向评估，这些神经和精神后遗症仍然存在。
