Claymore Sophia Rene, Allen-Gipson Diane S
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF Health Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
Biomedicines. 2024 Nov 27;12(12):2705. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12122705.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have increased in popularity and usage over the last few decades. There is rising concern regarding the long-term effects of e-cigs on human health, considering their relatively recent introduction to the market. E-cigs are generally composed of a liquid containing nicotine and various chemicals, a battery, a vaporization chamber, and a coil that serves to heat the liquid upon inhalation of the mouthpiece. While e-cigs were initially introduced as a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking, recent research has demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of nicotinic e-cig devices on multiple cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells, along with causing dysregulation of inflammatory pathways. This review will discuss the harmful effects of e-cigs on the human body, highlighting the physiological impact of e-cigs on pulmonary, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular health. Moreover, this review will highlight the potential therapeutic effects of bixin, an apocarotenoid found in the seeds of also known as the achiote tree, due to its innate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities that have been demonstrated in recent research. Nanotechnology has surfaced in the past few decades as a powerful tool for medicinal practice. Specifically, nanoparticles serve as a potential method for treating various conditions and diseases. Bixin nanoparticles show promise as a viable method for treating e-cig-induced damage due to the innate properties of bixin and the advantages of using nanoparticles compared to conventional medicinal interventions.
在过去几十年里，电子烟的受欢迎程度和使用量都有所增加。鉴于电子烟相对较新进入市场，人们对其对人类健康的长期影响越来越担忧。电子烟通常由含有尼古丁和各种化学物质的液体、电池、汽化室以及一个在吸嘴吸入时用于加热液体的线圈组成。虽然电子烟最初作为吸烟的一种健康替代品被引入，但最近的研究表明，含尼古丁的电子烟设备对多种细胞类型具有细胞毒性作用，包括上皮细胞和内皮细胞，同时还会导致炎症途径失调。本综述将讨论电子烟对人体的有害影响，重点介绍电子烟对肺部、心血管和脑血管健康的生理影响。此外，本综述还将强调胭脂树素的潜在治疗作用，胭脂树素是一种在胭脂树种子中发现的类胡萝卜素，因其在最近的研究中已被证明具有固有的抗炎、抗氧化和抗癌活性。在过去几十年里，纳米技术已成为医学实践的一种强大工具。具体而言，纳米颗粒是治疗各种病症和疾病的一种潜在方法。由于胭脂树素的固有特性以及与传统药物干预相比使用纳米颗粒的优势，胭脂树素纳米颗粒有望成为治疗电子烟引起的损伤的一种可行方法。
