Exploring Cognitive Deficits and Neuromodulation in Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review.

Cognitive deficits are emerging as critical targets for managing schizophrenia and enhancing clinical and functional outcomes. These deficits are pervasive among individuals with schizophrenia, affecting various cognitive domains. Traditional pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have limitations in effectively addressing cognitive impairments in this population. Neuromodulation techniques show promise in improving certain cognitive domains among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of neural circuits that underlie cognitive enhancement is essential for elucidating the pathophysiological processes of the disorder, and these insights could significantly optimize strategies for managing schizophrenia. Meanwhile, although there is an increasing body of evidence demonstrating the therapeutic effects of neuromodulation in this area, further research is still needed, particularly regarding topics such as different treatment protocols and the long-term effects of treatment.