Pedrosa Lucas de Freitas, de Vos Paul, Fabi João Paulo
Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil.
Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
Nutrients. 2024 Dec 12;16(24):4286. doi: 10.3390/nu16244286.
The microbiota stability, diversity, and composition are pillars for an efficient and beneficial symbiotic relationship between its host and itself. Microbial dysbiosis, a condition where a homeostatic bacterial community is disturbed by acute or chronic events, is a predisposition for many diseases, including local and systemic inflammation that leads to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and some types of cancers. Classical dysbiosis occurs in the large intestine. During this period, pathogenic strains can multiply, taking advantage of the compromised environment. This overgrowth triggers an exaggerated inflammatory response from the human immune system due to the weakened integrity of the intestinal barrier. Such inflammation can also directly influence higher polyp formation and/or tumorigenesis. Prebiotics can be instrumental in preventing or correcting dysbiosis. Prebiotics are molecules capable of serving as substrates for fermentation processes by gut microorganisms. This can promote returning the intestinal environment to homeostasis. Effective prebiotics are generally specific oligo- and polysaccharides, such as FOS or inulin. However, the direct effects of prebiotics on intestinal epithelial and immune cells must also be taken into consideration. This interaction happens with diverse prebiotic nondigestible carbohydrates, and they can inhibit or decrease the inflammatory response. The present work aims to elucidate and describe the different types of prebiotics, their influence, and their functionalities for health, primarily focusing on their ability to reduce and control inflammation in the intestinal epithelial barrier, gut, and systemic environments.
微生物群的稳定性、多样性和组成是其与宿主之间建立高效有益共生关系的支柱。微生物失调是指稳态细菌群落受到急性或慢性事件干扰的一种状态，它是许多疾病的诱因，包括导致代谢综合征、糖尿病和某些类型癌症的局部和全身炎症。经典的微生物失调发生在大肠。在此期间，致病菌株会利用受损的环境大量繁殖。由于肠道屏障完整性减弱，这种过度生长会引发人体免疫系统过度的炎症反应。这种炎症也会直接影响更高的息肉形成和/或肿瘤发生。益生元有助于预防或纠正微生物失调。益生元是能够作为肠道微生物发酵过程底物的分子。这可以促进肠道环境恢复到稳态。有效的益生元通常是特定的寡糖和多糖，如低聚果糖或菊粉。然而，也必须考虑益生元对肠道上皮细胞和免疫细胞的直接作用。这种相互作用发生在各种益生元不可消化的碳水化合物上，它们可以抑制或减少炎症反应。本研究旨在阐明和描述不同类型的益生元、它们的影响以及它们对健康的功能，主要关注它们减少和控制肠道上皮屏障、肠道和全身环境炎症的能力。
