Gruska Nina, Sarmento Hugo, Martinho Diogo, Field Adam, Massart Alain
Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal.
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
Nutrients. 2024 Dec 13;16(24):4304. doi: 10.3390/nu16244304.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The increasing popularity of acute supplementation among young athletes is concerning, given the limited scientific evidence to guide recommendations specific to this group. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the available scientific evidence on the acute effects of supplementation in young athletes to understand the impact on physical and cognitive performance.
Following pre-registration on INPLASY (INPLASY202310017) and according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, systematic searches of three electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) were conducted by independent researchers from inception until July 2024. Only original studies in English that examined the acute effects of supplementation on young athletes' physical and/or cognitive performance, specifically when taken on the same day as exercise (before or during), were included. The risk of bias was individually assessed for each study using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0).
A total of 16 studies were included in the review. A range of ages, participants, sports, and methodological approaches were involved in the studies included in the current review. The studies mainly used carbohydrates, beetroot juice, and sodium citrate, with carbohydrates being the most used acute supplementation. Carbohydrate supplementation enhanced endurance capacity and increased blood glucose, but mixed results were found for anaerobic performance. Mixed results were found for beetroot juice, with one study finding increases in power production. One study used sodium citrate supplementation, with improvements in technical performance observed.
Since this review identified only three substances meeting our eligibility criteria, further research is needed to confirm the acute effects of supplements in young athletes and to better understand their benefits and limitations. Carbohydrate supplementation shows strong evidence for enhancing endurance performance, particularly during prolonged activities, while sodium citrate appears to support the preservation of skill performance. In contrast, the effects of beetroot juice are less consistent. Additional research is required to confirm the acute effects of supplements like beetroot juice in young athletes.
背景/目的：鉴于指导针对年轻运动员的特定建议的科学证据有限，急性补充剂在年轻运动员中越来越受欢迎令人担忧。因此，本系统评价的目的是综合关于补充剂对年轻运动员急性影响的现有科学证据，以了解其对身体和认知表现的影响。
在INPLASY（INPLASY202310017）上进行预注册后，根据PRISMA（系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目）指南，独立研究人员对三个电子数据库（Web of Science、PubMed和Scopus）进行了系统检索，检索时间从数据库建立至2024年7月。仅纳入以英文发表的原创研究，这些研究考察了补充剂对年轻运动员身体和/或认知表现的急性影响，特别是在与运动同一天服用（运动前或运动期间）的情况。使用修订后的Cochrane随机试验偏倚风险工具（RoB 2.0）对每项研究的偏倚风险进行单独评估。
本评价共纳入16项研究。纳入的研究涉及一系列年龄、参与者、运动项目和方法学途径。这些研究主要使用碳水化合物、甜菜根汁和柠檬酸钠，其中碳水化合物是最常用的急性补充剂。补充碳水化合物可增强耐力并提高血糖，但对无氧运动表现的结果不一。甜菜根汁的结果不一，一项研究发现其可提高功率输出。一项研究使用柠檬酸钠补充剂，观察到技术表现有所改善。
由于本评价仅确定了三种符合我们纳入标准的物质，因此需要进一步研究以确认补充剂对年轻运动员的急性影响，并更好地了解其益处和局限性。补充碳水化合物有充分证据表明可增强耐力表现，尤其是在长时间活动期间，而柠檬酸钠似乎有助于保持技能表现。相比之下，甜菜根汁的效果不太一致。需要更多研究来确认甜菜根汁等补充剂对年轻运动员的急性影响。
