Transesophageal endosonography in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis: a narrative review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Transesophageal endosonography, including endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA), has been applied to the diagnosis of benign as well as malignant diseases. This narrative review summarizes the recent use of EUS-(B)-FNA in diagnosing sarcoidosis.

METHODS

A comprehensive and systematic online literature search of PubMed was conducted using the keywords ("sarcoidosis"), and ("EUS" OR "EUS-FNA" OR "EUS-B" OR "EUS-B-FNA" OR "endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration" OR "endoscopic ultrasound using the EBUS scope guided fine needle aspiration" OR "endoscopic ultrasound using the EBUS bronchoscope" OR "transesophageal" OR "transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration" OR "transesophageal bronchoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration").

KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS

Most EUS-FNA procedures were performed under moderate sedation, primarily using midazolam, with 22-gauge needles. The diagnostic sensitivity of sarcoidosis in mediastinal lymph node sampling is as high as 75-100% for EUS-FNA and 70-86% for EUS-B-FNA, much higher than that of traditional bronchoscopic procedures, such as transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA). The complications associated with EUS-(B)-FNA have thus far included only a few cases of mediastinitis, successfully treated with antibiotics, as well as lymph node hematoma, and sore throat.

CONCLUSIONS

EUS-FNA and EUS-B-FNA provide high diagnostic yields in patients with sarcoidosis. The safety profile is acceptable, although there is a slight risk of infectious complications. EUS-B-FNA, a minimally invasive and well-tolerated procedure, offers a viable alternative to endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, particularly in patients with cough and poor respiratory function; this procedure can easily be performed by pulmonologists.