Application of tumor organoids simulating the tumor microenvironment in basic and clinical research of tumor immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy has led to groundbreaking advances in anti-tumor treatment, yet significant clinical challenges remain such as the low proportion of beneficiaries and the lack of effective platforms for predicting therapeutic response. Organoid technology provides a novel solution to these issues. Organoids are three-dimensional tissue cultures derived from adult stem cells or pluripotent stem cells that closely replicate the structural and biological characteristics of native organs, demonstrating particularly strong potential in modeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor organoids can simulate TME effectively by retaining endogenous matrix components, including various immune cells, or by adding immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and other components. This provides a novel platform for predicting immunotherapy outcomes, evaluating adoptive cell therapies, and selecting personalized treatment options for patients. Summarizing strategies for constructing tumor organoids that simulate the microenvironment and understanding their advancements in immunotherapy research and clinical application can provide new insights for the development of tumor immunotherapy.