Pozovnikova Marina, Ivershina Anastasiya, Stanishevskaya Olga, Silyukova Yuliya
Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg 196625, Russia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 26;26(1):112. doi: 10.3390/ijms26010112.
During all periods of male ontogenesis, physiological processes responsible for the correct functioning of reproductive organs and spermatogenesis are under the influence of various factors (neuro-humoral, genetic, and paratypical). Recently, the attention of researchers has increasingly turned to the study of epigenetic factors. In scientific publications, one can increasingly find references to the direct role of microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, in the processes of development and functioning of reproductive organs. Although the role of microRNAs in the reproduction of mammals, including humans, has been intensively studied, this area of knowledge in birds remains under-researched and limited to single experiments. This is likely due to the unique features of embryogenesis and the structure of the avian reproductive system. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the role of microRNAs in avian reproduction. Insight into the molecular basis of spermatogenesis in is provided. Data on the functions and mechanisms by which microRNAs influence the processes of growth, development, and formation of rooster germ cells that determine the necessary morphofunctional qualitative characteristics of mature spermatozoa are summarized. Particular attention is paid to miRNA biogenesis as an important step affecting the success of spermatogenesis, as well as the role of miRNAs in avian sex differentiation during early embryogenesis. The modern literature sources systematized in this review, revealing the questions about the role of miRNAs in the reproductive function of birds, create a theoretical basis and define new perspectives and directions for further research in this field.
在雄性个体发育的所有阶段，负责生殖器官正常功能和精子发生的生理过程受到多种因素（神经体液、遗传和旁型）的影响。最近，研究人员的注意力越来越多地转向表观遗传因素的研究。在科学出版物中，可以越来越多地找到关于微小RNA（参与基因表达转录后调控的小型非编码RNA）在生殖器官发育和功能过程中直接作用的参考文献。尽管微小RNA在包括人类在内的哺乳动物生殖中的作用已得到深入研究，但鸟类在这一知识领域的研究仍然不足，仅限于单个实验。这可能是由于胚胎发育和鸟类生殖系统结构的独特特征所致。本综述总结了关于微小RNA在鸟类生殖中作用的当前知识状态。提供了对鸟类精子发生分子基础的见解。总结了关于微小RNA影响公鸡生殖细胞生长、发育和形成过程的功能和机制的数据，这些过程决定了成熟精子必要的形态功能质量特征。特别关注微小RNA生物合成作为影响精子发生成功的重要步骤，以及微小RNA在早期胚胎发育过程中鸟类性别分化中的作用。本综述中系统化的现代文献来源揭示了关于微小RNA在鸟类生殖功能中作用的问题，为该领域的进一步研究奠定了理论基础，并确定了新的视角和方向。
