Trends in nanobody radiotheranostics.

As the smallest antibody fragment with specific binding affinity, nanobody-based nuclear medicine has demonstrated significant potential to revolutionize the field of precision medicine, supported by burgeoning preclinical investigations and accumulating clinical evidence. However, the visualization of nanobodies has also exposed their suboptimal biodistribution patterns, which has spurred collaborative efforts to refine their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles for improved therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we present clinical results that exemplify the benefits of nanobody-based molecular imaging in cancer diagnosis. Moreover, we emphasize the indispensable role of molecular imaging as a tool for evaluating and optimizing nanobodies, thereby expanding their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment in the foreseeable future.