Cao Xinyuan, Wei Xiaoyang, Shao Yuanyuan, Li Dongbing, Zhu Jesse
Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315048, China.
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.
Toxicol Rep. 2024 Dec 15;14:101870. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101870. eCollection 2025 Jun.
seeds are known for their high oil content, and the oil extracted from these seeds has been traditionally utilized in biodiesel production. The presence of toxic compounds, specifically phorbol esters (PEs), in seed oil (JCSO) has blocked its use for human consumption. This article presents a thorough literature review that summarizes the latest research on the toxicological effects, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and chronic toxicity associated with phorbol esters (JCPEs). It also provides an overview of current detoxification strategies. A quantitative risk assessment was performed using the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach, revealing an Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) of 139.64 μg kg body weight for JCPEs (expressed as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate equivalent). Moreover, a Health-Based Guidance Value (HBGV) for JCPEs in a sub-chronic exposure context was established at 0.0105 mg kg body weight per day. These results have guided the formulation of detoxification goals for JCSO, targeting a detoxification rate of 99.5 %, along with recommendations for future research to investigate the feasibility of using JCSO in food products.
种子以其高含油量而闻名，从这些种子中提取的油传统上用于生物柴油生产。种子油（JCSO）中存在有毒化合物，特别是佛波酯（PEs），这阻碍了其用于人类消费。本文进行了全面的文献综述，总结了关于佛波酯（JCPEs）的毒理学效应的最新研究，包括急性毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性和慢性毒性。它还概述了当前的解毒策略。使用基准剂量（BMD）方法进行了定量风险评估，得出JCPEs的急性参考剂量（ARfD）为139.64μg/kg体重（以12-O-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-乙酸酯当量表示）。此外，在亚慢性暴露情况下，JCPEs的基于健康的指导值（HBGV）设定为每天0.0105mg/kg体重。这些结果为JCSO的解毒目标制定提供了指导，目标解毒率为99.5%，同时为未来研究调查JCSO在食品中使用的可行性提供了建议。
