Oskoueian Ehsan, Oskoueian Arshin, Shakeri Majid, Jahromi Mohammad Faseleh
Department of Research and Development, Arka Biotechnology Corporation, Mashhad 1696700, Iran.
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
Vet Sci. 2021 Sep 1;8(9):179. doi: 10.3390/vetsci8090179.
L. has gained importance as a source of seed oil for biodiesel production. The meal contained about 60% protein with a good balance of essential amino acids, containing various bioactive compounds, including saponins, phytic acids, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, phenolics, and flavonoids, which render it as a potential biofeed for animal production. The meal demonstrated various biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects which enhance its property as a bio-feed. The levels of these bioactive compounds in the seeds are dependent on the genotypes. The possessed different varieties which are either toxic or non-toxic according to the presence of phorbol esters. The presence of phorbol esters in the meal confirmed the toxic variety of resulting in the limited application of meal as a biofeed. The meal devoid of phorbol esters could be applied as a biofeed in the animal production industry, and for the toxic varieties, various techniques such as physicochemical and biological treatments have been introduced to the industry to remove the phorbol esters from meal. Several studies employing various cells and animals confirmed the toxicity of the phorbol esters. The molecular mechanism of action of phorbol esters is through up-regulation of PKC-β II gene, overexpression of down-stream proto-oncogenes resulted in inflammation and oxidative stress ending by apoptotic cell death. Despite the presence of valuable bioactive compounds in the meal, its nutritional application is not recommended unless the phorbol esters are completely removed.
L. 作为生物柴油生产的种子油来源已变得重要。粕中含有约60%的蛋白质，必需氨基酸平衡良好，含有多种生物活性化合物，包括皂苷、植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、凝集素、酚类和黄酮类，这使其成为动物生产的潜在生物饲料。该粕表现出多种生物活性，包括抗氧化、抗菌和抗炎作用，增强了其作为生物饲料的特性。种子中这些生物活性化合物的含量取决于基因型。根据佛波酯的存在，其拥有不同的品种，有的有毒，有的无毒。粕中佛波酯的存在证实了其有毒品种，导致粕作为生物饲料的应用受限。不含佛波酯的粕可作为动物生产行业的生物饲料应用，对于有毒品种，已向该行业引入了各种技术，如物理化学和生物处理，以从粕中去除佛波酯。几项使用各种细胞和动物的研究证实了佛波酯的毒性。佛波酯的分子作用机制是通过上调PKC-β II基因，下游原癌基因的过度表达导致炎症和氧化应激，最终导致凋亡性细胞死亡。尽管粕中存在有价值的生物活性化合物，但除非完全去除佛波酯，否则不建议将其用于营养用途。
