Gamal Safaa, Mikhail Mina, Salem Nancy, El-Wakad Mohamed Tarek, Abdelbaset Reda
Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
Mechatronics Engineering Department, Canadian International College, Cairo, Egypt.
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2025 Jan 13;36(1):10. doi: 10.1007/s10856-024-06848-1.
Bone cement is commonly utilized to secure prosthetic joints in the body because of its robust fixation, stability, biocompatibility, and immediate load-bearing capability. However, issues such as loosening, leakage, and insufficient bioactivity can lead to its failure. Therefore, improving its mechanical, physical, and biological properties is crucial for enhancing its efficiency. This study examines the impact of incorporating four different nanomaterials-Titanium Dioxide (TiO), Magnesium Oxide (MgO), Calcium Phosphate (Ca(PO)), and Alumina Oxide (AlO)-into bone cement on its mechanical, physical, and biological properties. TiO and AlO nanoparticles are selected to enhance the compression strength of bone cement, thereby preventing loosening. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Ca(PO) nanoparticles are chosen to improve cell adhesion and reducing the risk of cement leakage. Five specimens were prepared: the first with 100% pure bone cement powder, the second with 98% pure bone cement powder and modified with 2% MgO and TiO2, and the remaining three with 95% pure bone cement powder and modified with 5% varying ratios of MgO, TiO, Ca(PO), and AlO. Compression, tensile, hardness, and bending strengths were assessed to determine improvements in mechanical properties. Setting temperature, porosity, and degradation were measured to evaluate physical properties. Cell adhesion and toxicity tests were conducted to examine the surface structure and biological properties. The results demonstrated that the modified specimens increased compression strength by 8.14%, tensile strength by 3.4%, and bending strength by 4.96%. Porosity, degradation, and setting temperature in modified specimens increased by 3.24%, 0.64%, and 5.17% respectively pure bone cement values. Cell adhesion in modified bone cement specimens showed normal attachment when scanned with FE-SEM. All of the tested modified specimens showed no toxicity, except for specimens with 2% AlO that showed 25% toxicity which could be averted by employing antibiotics.
骨水泥因其强大的固定性、稳定性、生物相容性和即时承重能力，常用于在体内固定假体关节。然而，诸如松动、渗漏和生物活性不足等问题可能导致其失效。因此，改善其机械、物理和生物学性能对于提高其效能至关重要。本研究考察了将四种不同的纳米材料——二氧化钛（TiO）、氧化镁（MgO）、磷酸钙（Ca(PO)）和氧化铝（AlO）——加入骨水泥中对其机械、物理和生物学性能的影响。选择TiO和AlO纳米颗粒来提高骨水泥的抗压强度，从而防止松动。选择氧化镁（MgO）和Ca(PO)纳米颗粒来改善细胞黏附并降低骨水泥渗漏风险。制备了五个样本：第一个样本为100%纯骨水泥粉末，第二个样本为98%纯骨水泥粉末并用2%的MgO和TiO2改性，其余三个样本为95%纯骨水泥粉末并用5%不同比例的MgO、TiO、Ca(PO)和AlO改性。评估抗压、拉伸、硬度和弯曲强度以确定机械性能的改善情况。测量凝固温度、孔隙率和降解情况以评估物理性能。进行细胞黏附和毒性测试以检查表面结构和生物学性能。结果表明，改性样本的抗压强度提高了8.14%，拉伸强度提高了3.4%，弯曲强度提高了4.96%。改性样本的孔隙率、降解率和凝固温度分别比纯骨水泥值提高了3.24%、0.64%和5.17%。用场发射扫描电子显微镜扫描时，改性骨水泥样本中的细胞黏附显示出正常附着。除了含有2%AlO的样本显示出25%的毒性（可通过使用抗生素避免）外，所有测试的改性样本均未显示出毒性。
