Goodhart D E
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985 Jan;48(1):216-32. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.216.
This study investigated psychological effects associated with tendencies to focus one's thinking on positive versus negative outcomes of concluded stressful events, called respectively, positive and negative thinking. Four questions were addressed: (a) whether positive and negative thinking benefit or reduce psychological well-being, (b) whether these effects are transitory or enduring, (c) whether they are limited to thoughts about an event's impact on oneself or generalize to thoughts about an event's external consequences, and (d) whether tendencies to think positively or negatively about prior stressors influence psychological vulnerability to the impact of future ones. College students completed an event-outcome appraisal questionnaire designed to make salient positive and negative thoughts about the outcomes of recent stressful events. Subjects' well-being was then assessed both immediately after the salience manipulation and again 8 weeks later. Positive thinking increased the well-being that subjects reported immediately after their thoughts were assessed, but was unrelated to the well-being they reported after an 8-week delay. This suggests that although thinking positively about past event outcomes may temporarily lead to perceptions of increased well-being while the thoughts are salient, it has no enduring influence. In contrast, negative thinking was associated with lower reported well-being not only when the thoughts were salient but after a delay as well. Psychological effects associated with both types of thinking were due mostly to self-relevant thoughts rather than to externally relevant ones. Negative thinking about prior stressor outcomes appeared to increase vulnerability to the impact of later ones on several aspects of well-being. Overall, results for negative thinking are consistent with evidence reported after an 8-week delay. This suggests that although thinking positively effects that persist over time. However, positive thinking does not seem to have beneficial effects that continue once these thoughts are no longer salient.
本研究调查了与将思维聚焦于已结束的应激事件的积极或消极结果的倾向相关的心理效应，分别称为积极思维和消极思维。研究探讨了四个问题：（a）积极思维和消极思维是有益于还是会降低心理健康；（b）这些效应是短暂的还是持久的；（c）它们是否仅限于对事件对自身影响的思考，还是会扩展到对事件外部后果的思考；（d）对先前应激源进行积极或消极思考的倾向是否会影响对未来应激源影响的心理易感性。大学生完成了一份事件结果评估问卷，该问卷旨在突出对近期应激事件结果的积极和消极想法。然后在突出操作后立即以及8周后再次评估受试者的幸福感。积极思维增加了受试者在思维被评估后立即报告的幸福感，但与8周后报告的幸福感无关。这表明虽然积极思考过去事件的结果可能会在思维突出时暂时导致幸福感增加的认知，但它没有持久影响。相比之下,消极思维不仅在思维突出时与较低的幸福感报告相关，在延迟后也是如此。与这两种思维类型相关的心理效应主要归因于与自我相关的思维，而非与外部相关的思维。对先前应激源结果的消极思维似乎会增加在幸福感的几个方面对后来应激源影响的易感性。总体而言，消极思维的结果与8周延迟后报告的证据一致。这表明虽然积极思维在一段时间内有积极影响，但一旦这些思维不再突出，积极思维似乎就没有持续的有益影响。
