Bodenhausen G V, Wyer R S
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985 Feb;48(2):267-82.
In two experiments we investigated the effects of stereotyping on (a) reactions to a behavioral transgression and (b) the recall of information bearing on it. Subjects read a case file describing a transgression committed by a target (in Experiment 1, a job-related infraction; in Experiment 2, a criminal act). In some cases, the target's transgression was stereotypic of the target's ethnic group (conveyed through his name), and in other cases it was not. After reading the case file, subjects judged the likelihood that the transgression would recur and recommended punishment for the offense. These judgment data supported the hypothesis that stereotypes function as judgmental heuristics. Specifically, subjects used a stereotype of the target to infer the reasons for his transgression, and then based their punishment decisions on the implications of these inferences, considering other relevant information only when a stereotype-based explanation of the behavior was not available. However, recall data suggested that once a stereotype-based impression of the crime and its determinants was formed, subjects reviewed other available information in an attempt to confirm the implications of this impression. This led to differential recall of presented information, depending on whether its implications were consistent with, inconsistent with, or irrelevant to those of the stereotype.
在两项实验中，我们研究了刻板印象对以下两方面的影响：（a）对行为违规的反应，以及（b）对与之相关信息的回忆。受试者阅读了一份描述目标人物所犯违规行为的案例档案（在实验1中，是与工作相关的违规行为；在实验2中，是犯罪行为）。在某些情况下，目标人物的违规行为是其所属种族群体的刻板印象（通过他的名字体现），而在其他情况下则不是。阅读案例档案后，受试者判断违规行为再次发生的可能性，并对该罪行建议惩罚措施。这些判断数据支持了刻板印象作为判断启发式的假设。具体而言，受试者利用目标人物的刻板印象来推断其违规行为的原因，然后根据这些推断的含义做出惩罚决定，只有在基于刻板印象的行为解释不可用时才考虑其他相关信息。然而，回忆数据表明，一旦形成了基于刻板印象的对犯罪及其决定因素的印象，受试者就会回顾其他可用信息，试图证实这种印象的含义。这导致了对所呈现信息的差异性回忆，这取决于其含义与刻板印象的含义是一致、不一致还是不相关。
