Exploration of Secondary Metabolites in (L.) Using Ethyl Acetate Extract and Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Larvicidal Activities.

Recently, there has been a growing demand for plant-based products to treat a range of health conditions. (L.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, is widely known for its versatile therapeutic properties. The primary aim of this study is to analyze and identify the secondary metabolites found in the extract of obtained using ethyl acetate and to assess its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mosquito larvicidal properties for the first time. For the chemical profiling, a GC-MS analysis of the extract was conducted, and it showed the presence of various phytoconstituents, and the FT-IR spectrum revealed the functional groups associated with them. The quantitative phytochemical estimations revealed values of 34.87 ± 0.53 mg of GAE equivalents/g and 22.19 ± 1.11 mg of QUE equivalents/g, respectively, for total phenolic and flavonoid content. The biological studies of extract showed potent mosquito larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of at a 100 µg/mL concentration with LC and LC values of 81.328 and 161.471 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the DPPH and FRAP radical scavenging potentials were evaluated, and the results revealed their ability to scavenge the free radicals. The extract also showed higher antibacterial effects against gram-negative bacteria when compared to gram-positive bacteria. All these findings suggest that is a rich source of phytoconstituents with various medicinal applications and can be used as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and mosquito-larvicidal agent.