Leonel Larissa Dos Santos, Danielevicz Angelica, Delevatti Rodrigo Sudatti
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Jan 14;22(1):106. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22010106.
Head-out aquatic training, using modalities such as water-aerobics/hydrogymnastics (HYD) and deep-water running (DWR), has been effective in improving the physical, metabolic and cognitive health of middle-aged adults. However, direct comparisons between these modalities are lacking.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of water aerobics and deep-water running on anthropometric, functional and hemodynamic outcomes in adults and older adults.
An uncontrolled pragmatic trial (RBR-2txw8zy) was conducted with participants aged 30 to 80, allocated to HYD and DWR groups. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training with weekly undulating periodization (2× week), divided into three mesocycles (4, 5, and 3 weeks), each lasting 50 min. Intensity was prescribed using the Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE), ranging from RPE 11 to 17. Outcomes assessed included the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, Timed-Up-and-Go usual (TUG-u) and maximum (TUG-m), 6 min walking test (6MWT), body mass, waist circumference, blood pressure and resting heart rate-HRrest. The analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equations, with per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses.
The study included 104 participants (HYD: = 63, mean age 59 years, 54 women; DWR: = 41, mean age 53 years, 33 women). ITT analysis showed improvements in waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and TUG-m in the HYD group, and a reduction in HRrest in the DWR group. Both modalities showed significant improvements in the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, 6MWT, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio in the PP analysis.
Both modalities promoted functional improvements and favorable changes in anthropometric evaluations, with DWR showing a greater reduction in HRrest.
头部露出水面的水上训练，如水中有氧运动/水中体操（HYD）和深水跑步（DWR），已被证明能有效改善中年成年人的身体、代谢和认知健康。然而，这些训练方式之间缺乏直接比较。
本研究旨在比较水中有氧运动和深水跑步对成年人及老年人人体测量、功能和血流动力学指标的影响。
对30至80岁的参与者进行了一项非对照实用性试验（RBR-2txw8zy），将其分为HYD组和DWR组。干预措施包括为期12周的渐进式有氧训练，每周进行两次波动周期训练（每周2次），分为三个中周期（4周、5周和3周），每次持续50分钟。强度根据自感用力度（RPE）来规定，范围为RPE 11至17。评估的指标包括30秒椅子站立试验、30秒手臂卷曲试验、日常计时起立行走试验（TUG-u）和最大计时起立行走试验（TUG-m）、6分钟步行试验（6MWT）、体重、腰围、血压和静息心率（HRrest）。分析采用广义估计方程，进行符合方案（PP）分析和意向性分析（ITT）。
该研究纳入了104名参与者（HYD组：n = 63，平均年龄59岁，54名女性；DWR组：n = 41，平均年龄53岁，33名女性）。ITT分析显示，HYD组的腰围、腰高比和TUG-m有所改善，DWR组的HRrest有所降低。PP分析表明，两种训练方式在30秒椅子站立试验、30秒手臂卷曲试验、6MWT、腰围和腰高比方面均有显著改善。
两种训练方式均能促进功能改善和人体测量评估的有利变化，DWR在降低HRrest方面效果更显著。
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