Future perspectives: advances in bone/cartilage organoid technology and clinical potential.

Bone and cartilage tissues are essential for movement and structure, yet diseases like osteoarthritis affect millions. Traditional therapies have limitations, necessitating innovative approaches. Organoid technology, leveraging stem cells' regenerative potential, offers a novel platform for disease modelling and therapy. This review focuses on advancements in bone/cartilage organoid technology, highlighting the role of stem cells, biomaterials, and external factors in organoid development. We discuss the implications of these organoids for regenerative medicine, disease research, and personalised treatment strategies, presenting organoids as a promising avenue for enhancing cartilage repair and bone regeneration. Bone/cartilage organoids will play a greater role in the treatment of bone/cartilage diseases in the future, and promote the progress of biological tissue engineering.