Adjah Farzana T, Christophe N Keita, Anyiwo Nkemka, Bernard Donte L, Jones Shawn C T, Anderson Riana E, Stein Gabriela Livas, Kiang Lisa
Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Fam Process. 2025 Mar;64(1):e13095. doi: 10.1111/famp.13095.
Although many parents worry that their child will be the target of racial profiling, there is a dearth of literature on how parental worries about children facing racism are linked to racial socialization (RS) practices and youth internalizing symptoms. Additionally, it is unclear how RS content relative to competency may uniquely influence whether and how parental worries influence youth internalizing outcomes. Using data from 203 Black parents (M = 44.099, 68% mothers) of adolescents, the current study examines the direct effects of parental worries on RS content (cultural socialization, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust) and competency (confidence, skills, general stress, and call to action stress) on youth internalizing outcomes, as well as whether RS content and competency indirectly links parental worries about racial profiling with youth internalizing symptoms. Parental worries were positively related to greater RS content across domains and child internalizing symptoms, but there were no indirect links. Parents' worries about racial profiling were positively associated with more call to action stress, general stress, and youth internalizing symptoms. RS confidence and general stress were associated with fewer and greater internalizing symptoms, but there were similarly no significant indirect effects. Findings speak to supporting and addressing parental stress in the context of family racial worries and child adjustment and have implications for policy efforts to dismantle racism and fund programs that support youth and caregivers in managing the ongoing consequences of this insidious stressor.
尽管许多家长担心自己的孩子会成为种族定性的目标，但关于家长对孩子面临种族主义的担忧如何与种族社会化（RS）实践及青少年内化症状相关联的文献却很匮乏。此外，尚不清楚与能力相关的RS内容如何独特地影响家长的担忧是否以及如何影响青少年的内化结果。本研究使用来自203名黑人青少年家长（平均年龄M = 44.099岁，68%为母亲）的数据，考察了家长担忧对RS内容（文化社会化、偏见准备和不信任促进）和能力（信心、技能、一般压力和行动呼吁压力）对青少年内化结果的直接影响，以及RS内容和能力是否间接将家长对种族定性的担忧与青少年内化症状联系起来。家长的担忧与各领域中更多的RS内容及孩子的内化症状呈正相关，但不存在间接联系。家长对种族定性的担忧与更多的行动呼吁压力、一般压力及青少年内化症状呈正相关。RS信心和一般压力分别与较少和较多的内化症状相关，但同样不存在显著的间接影响。研究结果表明，在家庭种族担忧和孩子适应的背景下，需要支持和解决家长的压力，这对消除种族主义的政策努力以及为支持青少年和照顾者应对这种隐蔽压力源的持续影响而提供资金的项目具有启示意义。
