Dhanawat Meenakshi, Wilson Kashish, Bhushan Bharat, Chalotra Rishabh, Gupta Sumeet, Chaubey Pramila
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Panchgaon, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana 122413, India.
M.M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2025;31(21):1696-1709. doi: 10.2174/0113816128353985241231111149.
Nanogels (NGs) are presently the focus of extensive research because of their special qualities, including minimal particle size, excellent encapsulating efficacy, and minimizing the breakdown of active compounds. As a result, NGs are great candidates for drug delivery systems. Cross-linked nanoparticles (NPs) called stimulus-responsive NGs are comprised of synthetic, natural, or a combination of natural and synthetic polymers. These NPs can swell in response to large amounts of solvent, but their structural makeup prevents them from dissolving. Furthermore, in response to (i) physical stimuli like temperatures, ion strength, and magnetized or electrical fields; (ii) chemical stimuli like the pH level, molecules, or ions; (iii) biological stimuli like the enzymatic substrate or affinity ligand, they transform into a hard particle (collapsed form) from a polymer solution (swell form). Over the past decade, there has been a major advancement in the creation of "smart" NGs in applications related to therapeutics and diagnosis, involving nucleic acid and intracellular drug delivery, photodynamic/photothermal treatment, biological imaging, and its detection. The nanogels reviewed in this article rely only on temperatures, pH, light, magnetic fields, and combinations of those variables. Developing a targeted delivery vehicle will greatly benefit from the presented information, especially when used for Core-shell multi-sensitive photo-sensitive nanogels.
纳米凝胶（NGs）由于其特殊性质，目前是广泛研究的焦点，这些性质包括最小粒径、优异的包封效果以及使活性化合物的分解最小化。因此，纳米凝胶是药物递送系统的理想候选者。称为刺激响应性纳米凝胶的交联纳米颗粒（NPs）由合成聚合物、天然聚合物或天然与合成聚合物的组合构成。这些纳米颗粒可响应大量溶剂而膨胀，但其结构组成使其不会溶解。此外，它们可响应（i）温度、离子强度、磁场或电场等物理刺激；（ii）pH值、分子或离子等化学刺激；（iii）酶底物或亲和配体等生物刺激，从聚合物溶液（膨胀形式）转变为硬颗粒（塌陷形式）。在过去十年中，在与治疗和诊断相关的应用中，“智能”纳米凝胶的制备取得了重大进展，涉及核酸和细胞内药物递送、光动力/光热治疗、生物成像及其检测。本文所综述的纳米凝胶仅依赖于温度、pH值、光、磁场以及这些变量的组合。开发靶向递送载体将从所提供的信息中大大受益，特别是当用于核壳多敏感光敏纳米凝胶时。
