Shen Yongyao, Jiang Liying, Yu Jin, Chen Bo, Liu Aidong, Guo Yongjin
Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Front Nutr. 2025 Jan 15;11:1531358. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1531358. eCollection 2024.
Elevated sodium consumption is associated with increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and data for this disease burden attributable to high sodium intake in China from 1990 to 2019 are scarce in China. Our study aims to estimate and present the national burden of CKD attributable to high sodium intake, as well as its profile.
The regional disease burden data from the China Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) from 1990 to 2019 were compiled based on the methodology of GBD 2019. CKD burden [deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)] was quantified according to population group (age, gender) and regions categories (province, SDI). The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) were calculated to describe long-term trends.
Totally, the number of deaths of CKD attributable to high sodium intake reached 95,000, with DALYs amounting to 2.59 million person-years in 2019, while the trends of ASMR (EAPC: -0.31, 95%CI: -0.46, -0.17%) and ASDR (-0.33, 95%CI: -0.48, -0.18%) were down during the observation period. The age-specific numbers and rates of deaths, as well as DALYs increase with age are higher in males than in females. Significant disparities in CKD burden attributable to high sodium intake were observed across provinces and SDI regions. In both 1990 and 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs were higher in middle SDI regions, while low-middle SDI regions had highest ASMR and ASDR. The EAPC of ASDR was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the 1990 ASDR ( = -0.393, = 0.024), and the EAPC of ASMR and ASDR were also significantly negatively correlated with the 2019 SDI (ASMR:ρ = -0.571, < 0.001; ASDR:ρ = -0.368, = 0.035).
High sodium intake accounted for a sizeable burden of disease from 1990 to 2019 in China, also presents sexual and geographic variations. Despite a slight decreasing trend exists, the absolute number increased as much as twofold, particularly among males and seniors. Targeting to reduce sodium intake remains a priority, and progress requires systematic monitoring and evaluation, particularly in middle SDI regions that are experiencing rising trends and low-middle SDI regions being susceptible to approaches.
钠摄入量增加与慢性肾脏病（CKD）风险升高相关，而1990年至2019年期间中国因高钠摄入导致的这种疾病负担的数据较为匮乏。我们的研究旨在估算并呈现中国因高钠摄入导致的CKD全国疾病负担及其特征。
基于全球疾病负担研究（GBD）2019的方法，汇编了1990年至2019年中国食品安全风险评估中心的区域疾病负担数据。根据人群组（年龄、性别）和地区类别（省份、社会人口指数）对CKD负担[死亡人数和伤残调整生命年（DALYs）]进行了量化。计算年龄标准化死亡率（ASMR）和年龄标准化DALYs率（ASDR）的估计年百分比变化（EAPC）以描述长期趋势。
总体而言，2019年因高钠摄入导致的CKD死亡人数达95,000人，DALYs达259万人年，而在观察期内ASMR（EAPC：-0.31，95%CI：-0.46，-0.17%）和ASDR（-0.33，95%CI：-0.48，-0.18%）呈下降趋势。男性各年龄组的死亡人数、死亡率以及DALYs随年龄的增长幅度均高于女性。不同省份和社会人口指数区域之间，因高钠摄入导致的CKD负担存在显著差异。在1990年和2019年，中等社会人口指数区域的死亡人数和DALYs均较高，而中低等社会人口指数区域的ASMR和ASDR最高。发现ASDR的EAPC与1990年的ASDR显著负相关（ρ = -0.393，P = 0.024），ASMR和ASDR的EAPC也与2019年的社会人口指数显著负相关（ASMR：ρ = -0.571，P < 0.001；ASDR：ρ = -0.368，P = 0.035）。
1990年至2019年期间，高钠摄入在中国造成了相当大的疾病负担，且存在性别和地域差异。尽管存在轻微下降趋势，但绝对数量增加了一倍之多，尤其是在男性和老年人中。降低钠摄入量仍然是一个优先事项，进展需要系统的监测和评估，特别是在呈上升趋势的中等社会人口指数区域以及易受影响的中低等社会人口指数区域。
