Wiebe R Alex, Wilcove David S
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Nature. 2025 Mar;639(8054):389-394. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08569-5. Epub 2025 Feb 12.
Globalization increasingly allows countries to externalize the environmental costs of land use, including biodiversity loss. So far, we have a very incomplete understanding of how countries cause biodiversity loss outside their own borders through their demand for agricultural and forestry products grown in other countries. Here we quantify the global range losses to forest vertebrates from 2001 to 2015 caused by deforestation attributable to 24 developed countries by means of their consumption of products obtained through global supply chains. We show that these driver countries are responsible for much greater cumulative range loss to species outside their own borders than within them. These international impacts were concentrated geographically, allowing us to map global hotspots of outsourced losses of biodiversity. Countries had the greatest external impacts on species occurring in nearby regions. However, in a few cases, developed countries also inflicted disproportionate harm on vertebrates in distant countries.
全球化日益使各国能够将土地利用的环境成本外部化，包括生物多样性丧失。到目前为止，我们对各国如何通过对其他国家种植的农林产品的需求而在其境外造成生物多样性丧失的了解还非常不完整。在此，我们通过24个发达国家对通过全球供应链获得的产品的消费，量化了2001年至2015年因毁林导致的全球森林脊椎动物范围丧失情况。我们表明，这些驱动国家对其境外物种造成的累计范围丧失远大于其境内。这些国际影响在地理上较为集中，这使我们能够绘制生物多样性外包丧失的全球热点地区。各国对附近地区物种的外部影响最大。然而，在少数情况下，发达国家也对遥远国家的脊椎动物造成了不成比例的伤害。
