Pereira Mariana, Chen Xinyuan, Paltarzhytskaya Anastasiya, Pacheсo Yibran, Muller Nils, Bovy Leonore, Lei Xu, Chen Wei, Ren Haoran, Song Chen, Lewis Laura D, Dang-Vu Thien Thanh, Czisch Michael, Picchioni Dante, Duyn Jeff, Peigneux Philippe, Tagliazucchi Enzo, Dresler Martin
Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
J Sleep Res. 2025 Feb 12:e14462. doi: 10.1111/jsr.14462.
Sleep research has evolved considerably since the first sleep electroencephalography recordings in the 1930s and the discovery of well-distinguishable sleep stages in the 1950s. While electrophysiological recordings have been used to describe the sleeping brain in much detail, since the 1990s neuroimaging techniques have been applied to uncover the brain organization and functional connectivity of human sleep with greater spatial resolution. The combination of electroencephalography with different neuroimaging modalities such as positron emission tomography, structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging imposes several challenges for sleep studies, for instance, the need to combine polysomnographic recordings to assess sleep stages accurately, difficulties maintaining and consolidating sleep in an unfamiliar and restricted environment, scanner-induced distortions with physiological artefacts that may contaminate polysomnography recordings, and the necessity to account for all physiological changes throughout the sleep cycles to ensure better data interpretability. Here, we review the field of sleep neuroimaging in healthy non-sleep-deprived populations, from early findings to more recent developments. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of applying concurrent electroencephalography and imaging techniques to sleep, which consequently have impacted the sample size and generalizability of studies, and possible future directions for the field.
自20世纪30年代首次进行睡眠脑电图记录以及20世纪50年代发现可清晰区分的睡眠阶段以来，睡眠研究有了长足的发展。虽然电生理记录已被用于详细描述睡眠中的大脑，但自20世纪90年代以来，神经成像技术已被应用于以更高的空间分辨率揭示人类睡眠的大脑组织和功能连接。脑电图与不同的神经成像方式（如正电子发射断层扫描、结构磁共振成像和功能磁共振成像）的结合给睡眠研究带来了诸多挑战，例如，需要结合多导睡眠图记录来准确评估睡眠阶段，在陌生且受限的环境中维持和巩固睡眠存在困难，扫描仪引起的畸变以及可能会干扰多导睡眠图记录的生理伪影，还有需要考虑整个睡眠周期中的所有生理变化以确保更好的数据可解释性。在此，我们回顾健康、未被剥夺睡眠人群的睡眠神经成像领域，从早期发现到最新进展。此外，我们讨论了将同步脑电图和成像技术应用于睡眠所面临的挑战，这些挑战进而影响了研究的样本量和普遍性，以及该领域未来可能的发展方向。
