Birinci Yakup Zühtü, Pancar Serkan, Soylu Yusuf
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa 16059, Türkiye.
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Türkiye.
Nutrients. 2025 Jan 31;17(3):546. doi: 10.3390/nu17030546.
: Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CHOmr), a nutritional intervention for delaying fatigue and meeting the energy demands of soccer, and the motivational strategy of coach encouragement (CE) are widely recognized as effective approaches for enhancing athletic performance in soccer. This study aimed to compare the effects of CHOmr + CE, CHOmr, and CE on heart rate (HR) and kinematic profiles during four-a-side small-sided soccer games (SSGs). Twenty-four young soccer players (age: 17.2 ± 0.8 years) played six bouts of four-a-side SSGs with CHOmr + CE, CHOmr, or CE at 3-day intervals in a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, or crossover study design. The HR and kinematic responses were continuously recorded during all games. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in peak heart rate (HR) ( ≥ 0.05, F = 0.326, = 0.723, η = 0.014) and mean heart rate (HR) ( ≥ 0.05, F = 0.845, = 0.436, η = 0.035). No significant differences were found for distances in Zone 1 ( ≥ 0.05, F = 1.21, = 0.306, η = 0.050), Zone 4 ( ≥ 0.05, F = 0.310, = 0.735, η = 0.013), Zone 5 ( ≥ 0.05, F = 1.02, = 0.368, η = 0.042), or Zone 6 ( ≥ 0.05, F = 0.161, = 0.211, η = 0.055), nor acceleration ( ≥ 0.05, F = 0.208, = 0.137, η = 0.083) and deceleration ( ≥ 0.05, F = 0.790, = 0.460, η = 0.033). Similarly, although no significant differences were observed in the distance in Zone 3 ( ≥ 0.05, F = 3.12, = 0.054, η = 0.119) or repeated sprint distance ( ≥ 0.05, F = 2.96, = 0.062, η = 0.114), the CHOmr +CE group exhibited higher average values for these variables. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the distance covered in Zone 2 ( ≤ 0.05, F = 3.89, = 0.028, η = 0.145), with the CHOmr +CE group performing better, as confirmed by the post-hoc analyses. Although our findings indicate that CE alone may influence kinematic profiles during SSGs, similar to CHOmr or its combination with CE, further research should explore the underlying mechanisms and potential contextual factors influencing these outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that coaches prefer CE because it is easy to implement.
碳水化合物漱口（CHOmr）是一种用于延缓疲劳和满足足球运动能量需求的营养干预措施，而教练鼓励（CE）的激励策略被广泛认为是提高足球运动表现的有效方法。本研究旨在比较CHOmr + CE、CHOmr和CE对四人制小型足球比赛（SSG）期间心率（HR）和运动学特征的影响。24名年轻足球运动员（年龄：17.2±0.8岁）在一项随机、单盲、安慰剂对照或交叉研究设计中，以3天的间隔进行了六轮四人制SSG，分别采用CHOmr + CE、CHOmr或CE。在所有比赛中持续记录HR和运动学反应。各小组在峰值心率（HR）（P≥0.05，F = 0.326，df = 2，η² = 0.014）和平均心率（HR）（P≥0.05，F = 0.845，df = 2，η² = 0.035）方面没有统计学上的显著差异。在1区距离（P≥0.05，F = 1.21，df = 2，η² = 0.050）、4区距离（P≥0.05，F = 0.310，df = 2，η² = 0.013）、5区距离（P≥0.05，F = 1.02，df = 2，η² = 0.042）或6区距离（P≥0.05，F = 0.161，df = 2，η² = 0.055）方面，以及在加速（P≥0.05，F = 0.208，df = 2，η² = 0.083）和减速（P≥0.05，F = 0.790，df = 2，η² = 0.033）方面，均未发现显著差异。同样，虽然在3区距离（P≥0.05，F = 3.12，df = 2，η² = 0.119）或重复冲刺距离（P≥约0.05，F = 2.96，df = 2，η² = 0.114）方面未观察到显著差异，但CHOmr + CE组在这些变量上表现出更高的平均值。然而，在2区覆盖的距离上观察到统计学上的显著差异（P≤0.05，F = 3.89，df = 2，η² = 0.145），事后分析证实CHOmr + CE组表现更好。虽然我们的研究结果表明，单独的CE可能会影响SSG期间的运动学特征，类似于CHOmr或其与CE的组合，但进一步的研究应探索影响这些结果的潜在机制和背景因素。因此，我们建议教练更喜欢CE，因为它易于实施。
