Jandosov Jakpar, Berillo Dmitriy, Misra Anil, Alavijeh Mo, Chenchik Dmitriy, Baimenov Alzhan, Bernardo Maria, Azat Seitkhan, Mansurov Zulkhair, Silvestre-Albero Joaquin, Mikhalovsky Sergey
Institute of Combustion Problems, 172 Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jan 23;26(3):952. doi: 10.3390/ijms26030952.
After undergoing biological treatment, wastewater still contains substances with endotoxic activity, such as lipopolysaccharide. However, due to the increasing practice of treating wastewater to make it suitable for drinking (potable reuse), the removal of these endotoxic active materials is crucial. These substances can be harmful to human health, leading to a condition called endotoxaemia. Furthermore, environmental endotoxins pose risks to pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and the quality of the final pharmaceutical products. Ultimately, the most significant concern lies with the patient, as exposure to such substances can have adverse effects on their health and well-being. Activated carbon has a proven efficiency for endotoxin removal; rice husk (RH), as a type of natural lignocellulosic agricultural waste, is a unique carbon precursor material in terms of its availability, large-scale world production (over 140 million tons annually), and is characterized by the presence of nanoscale silica phytoliths, which serve as a template to create additional meso/macropore space within the nanoscale range. High surface area RH/lignin-derived honeycomb monoliths were prepared in this study via extrusion, followed by carbonization and physical and chemical activation to develop additional pore space. The nanoporosity of the carbon honeycomb monoliths was established by means of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies, using calculations based on QSDFT equilibrium and BJH models, as well as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and SEM investigations. An alternative method for the elimination of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-a conventional marker-using filtration in flowing recirculation systems and the adsorbent activity of the monoliths towards LPS was investigated. Since LPS expresses strong toxic effects even at very low concentrations, e.g., below 10 EU/mL, its removal even in minute amounts is essential. It was found that monoliths are able to eliminate biologically relevant LPS levels, e.g., adsorption removal within 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of circulation reached the values of 49.8, 74.1, 85.4, 91.3%, and 91.6%, respectively.
经过生物处理后，废水仍含有具有内毒素活性的物质，如脂多糖。然而，由于将废水处理至适合饮用（饮用水回用）的做法日益普遍，去除这些具有内毒素活性的物质至关重要。这些物质可能对人体健康有害，导致一种称为内毒素血症的病症。此外，环境内毒素对制药生产过程和最终药品质量构成风险。最终，最主要的担忧在于患者，因为接触此类物质会对其健康和福祉产生不利影响。活性炭已被证明对内毒素去除有效；稻壳（RH）作为一种天然木质纤维素农业废弃物，就其可用性、全球大规模产量（每年超过1.4亿吨）而言，是一种独特的碳前驱体材料，其特征在于存在纳米级二氧化硅植硅体，这些植硅体可作为模板在纳米范围内创造额外的介孔/大孔空间。本研究通过挤出制备了高比表面积的RH/木质素衍生蜂窝整料，随后进行碳化以及物理和化学活化以形成更多的孔隙空间。通过低温氮吸附研究，利用基于QSDFT平衡和BJH模型的计算以及压汞法（MIP）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究确定了碳蜂窝整料的纳米孔隙率。研究了一种在流动循环系统中使用过滤去除细菌脂多糖（LPS）（一种传统标志物）的替代方法以及整料对LPS的吸附活性。由于LPS即使在非常低的浓度下（例如低于10 EU/mL）也表现出强烈的毒性作用，因此即使微量去除它也至关重要。结果发现，整料能够去除具有生物学相关性的LPS水平，例如在循环5、30、60、90和120分钟内的吸附去除率分别达到49.8%、74.1%、85.4%、91.3%和91.6%。
