Arias-Rivera Shirley, Lorence Barbara, Maya Jesus
Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain.
Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Sevilla University, Seville, Spain.
Front Psychiatry. 2025 Feb 3;16:1524413. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1524413. eCollection 2025.
Child-to-parent violence (CPV) encompasses behaviors such as hitting, insulting, or threatening parents. Over the past decade, the number of CPV cases has increased significantly. While previous research has largely focused on classifying CPV behaviors and examining their causes, there is limited investigation into what happens immediately after CPV episodes. This study aims to describe the behaviors of adolescents following violent actions in both mild and severe cases of CPV. A randomized sample of 1,067 Spanish adolescents, participating in a national CPV project, was studied using the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire. Among them, 410 adolescents (41.91% boys and 57.84% girls) reported engaging in some form of CPV behavior in the past year, and 47 adolescents met the criteria for severe and repeated CPV. Specifically, 26 adolescents exhibited psychological and 27 exhibited physical CPV toward their mother, while 21 adolescents exhibited psychological and 15 physical CPV toward their father. Adolescents were asked, "What do you do after?" Following thematic analysis, adolescents' responses were categorized into 6 themes and 17 sub-themes in mild cases. A possible sequence in adolescents' responses was identified, divided into three phases. In the first phase, adolescents felt bad after their violent behavior, expressed remorse, reflected on it, and sought a safe place. In the second phase, apologizing to parents was the most common response, reported by 70.52% of adolescents. Finally, in the third phase, in addition to apologizing, adolescents attempted to talk with their parents, gave them a hug, or committed to not repeating the behavior. In contrast, 8% of adolescents normalized their behavior, joked about it, or justified their actions. In severe cases, most subthemes were consistent with those observed in mild CPV cases. However, in contrast to milder cases, severe cases showed a lower percentage of adolescents who felt bad or apologized and a higher proportion who normalized, avoided talking about, or justified their violent actions (23.4% of adolescents with severe CPV). This study highlights practical implications for interventions, such as the importance of helping them express their emotions, recognize the harm caused, identify safe spaces, people, or activities, and support them in the process of apologizing.
儿童对父母的暴力行为（CPV）包括殴打、辱骂或威胁父母等行为。在过去十年中，CPV案件的数量显著增加。虽然先前的研究主要集中在对CPV行为进行分类并探究其成因，但对于CPV事件发生后紧接着会发生什么的调查却很有限。本研究旨在描述在轻度和重度CPV案例中，青少年在暴力行为后的表现。使用儿童对父母攻击问卷对参与一项全国性CPV项目的1067名西班牙青少年进行了随机抽样研究。其中，410名青少年（41.91%为男孩，57.84%为女孩）报告在过去一年中曾有过某种形式的CPV行为，47名青少年符合严重且反复的CPV标准。具体而言，26名青少年对母亲表现出心理暴力，27名表现出身体暴力；21名青少年对父亲表现出心理暴力，15名表现出身体暴力。青少年被问及：“之后你做了什么？”经过主题分析，轻度案例中青少年的回答被归为6个主题和17个子主题。确定了青少年回答中可能的顺序，分为三个阶段。在第一阶段，青少年在暴力行为后感觉糟糕，表达懊悔，进行反思，并寻找一个安全的地方。在第二阶段，向父母道歉是最常见的回答，70.52%的青少年报告有此行为。最后，在第三阶段，除了道歉，青少年还试图与父母交谈、拥抱他们或承诺不再重复该行为。相比之下，8%的青少年将自己的行为正常化、开玩笑或为自己的行为辩解。在重度案例中，大多数子主题与轻度CPV案例中观察到的一致。然而，与轻度案例不同的是，重度案例中感觉糟糕或道歉的青少年比例较低，而将暴力行为正常化、避免谈论或为其辩解的青少年比例较高（重度CPV青少年中有23.4%）。本研究强调了干预措施的实际意义，比如帮助他们表达情绪、认识到造成的伤害、确定安全的空间、人员或活动，以及在道歉过程中给予支持的重要性。
