Cano-Lozano M Carmen, Navas-Martínez María J, Contreras Lourdes
Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
Front Psychiatry. 2024 Sep 2;15:1441871. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1441871. eCollection 2024.
Numerous studies have found that exposure to violence at home is a risk factor for child-to-parent violence. However, most of the available studies do not delimit a time frame for exposure to violence. This aspect is fundamental to differentiating lagged effects (compensation) from simultaneous effects (reciprocal). The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between lagged (before the age of 10) and simultaneous (last year) exposure to violence at home (direct victimization: parent-to-child violence and vicarious victimization: exposure to violence between parents) and child-to-parent violence, the possible differential reactive or instrumental motivation of these relationships and whether they differ based on the gender of children and parents.
The sample comprised 1,734 Spanish adolescents who lived with both parents (57.3% girls), aged between 13 and 17 years. The instruments used were the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire and the Violence Exposure Scale.
Positive and significant relationships were found between child-to-parent violence and exposure to violence at home both during childhood and during the last year; however, the relationships were stronger in the latter. The most important predictors were direct parental victimization during the last year. Boys exerted more reactive violence toward the father concerning exposure to violence by the father toward the mother during the last year. In the case of girls, violence toward both father and mother is more reactive to most victimization experiences.
The findings highlight the need to intervene in family contexts of violence to prevent child-to-parent violence.
众多研究发现，在家中遭受暴力是儿童对父母实施暴力的一个风险因素。然而，大多数现有研究并未界定遭受暴力的时间框架。这一方面对于区分滞后效应（补偿）和同步效应（相互作用）至关重要。本研究的目的是阐明滞后（10岁之前）和同步（去年）在家中遭受暴力（直接受害：父母对子女的暴力和替代性受害：遭受父母之间的暴力）与儿童对父母的暴力之间的关系、这些关系可能存在的不同反应性或工具性动机，以及它们是否因儿童和父母的性别而异。
样本包括1734名与父母双方同住的西班牙青少年（57.3%为女孩），年龄在13至17岁之间。使用的工具是儿童对父母暴力问卷和暴力暴露量表。
在童年时期和去年，均发现儿童对父母的暴力与在家中遭受暴力之间存在正向且显著的关系；然而，后一种关系更强。最重要的预测因素是去年直接遭受父母的暴力。在去年父亲对母亲实施暴力的情况下，男孩对父亲实施的反应性暴力更多。就女孩而言，对父亲和母亲的暴力对大多数受害经历的反应性更强。
研究结果凸显了干预家庭暴力环境以预防儿童对父母暴力的必要性。
